History And Anthology of American Literature
(Volume ⅠⅡ)
美国文学史及选读1、2
Part ⅠThe Literature of Colonial America 殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English English and and and European European European explorers explorers 开始登陆美洲。在他们之前100多年Caribbean
Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America 已被the Spanish 占领。2.17th 早期English ttlements in Virginia and Massachutts(
弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史
3.美国最早殖民earliest ttlers: included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugue (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。capitalone
4.美国早期文学主要为the the narratives narratives narratives and and and journals journals journals of of of the the the ttlements ttlements 采用in in diaries diaries diaries and
and and in in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with den forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.
5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English ttlement in North America was established
at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(
北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 他的作品(reports of exploration)17th 早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in in the the the early early early 1600s,have 1600s,have 1600s,have been been been described described described as as as the the the first first
distinctly American literature written in English.
他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,
吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans. 7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith 写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virgin
ia Since the First Planting of That Colony ”.
8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A A Map Map Map of of of Virginia: Virginia: Virginia: with with with a a
Description of the Country ”.
9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。其破产后做为向导sought a post as
guide to the Pilgrims.他1624年《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia ”，讲述了传奇故事
how the Indian princess Pocahontas(
健康早餐英语作文波卡洪特斯)saved him. 10.他保存了殖民者在Jamestown 早期开荒史及explored explored the the the rivers rivers rivers and and and bays bays bays around around around the the Chesapeake Chesapeake region(region(切萨皮克地区)，最重要的是he he saw saw saw from from from the the the beginning beginning beginning what what what was was eventually eventually to to to be be be a a a basic basic basic principle principle principle of of of American American American history, history, history, the the the need need need of of of ““workers workers””instead instead of of “gentlemen gentlemen””for the tough job of planting
colonies and pushing the frontiers westward.
11.早期新英格兰文学主要关于theological, moral, historical and political.
12.清教徒坚韧耐劳，严格遵守教义the the Puritans Puritans Puritans in in in New New New England England England embraced embraced embraced hardships, hardships, hardships, together together
with the discipline of a harsh church
想建立神权社会found a theocracy，他们生活简朴，意志坚他们生活简朴，意志坚定，我行我素，不屈不挠地斗争they they had had had toughness, toughness, toughness, purpo purpo purpo and and and character character character, , , they they they grappled grappled
strongly with challenges they t themlves.
他们的基本价值观：注重勤劳，节俭，虔诚和节制hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety 这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想。
一、William Bradford and John Winthrop
威廉·布拉德福德和约翰·温思罗普
普利茅斯第一任首长：William Bradford;
波斯顿第一任首长： John Winthrop.
1． William Bradford:《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation ”文章从1630年开
始写起an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam
and then to the New Wold.
文字简洁，认真负责，直接叙述，可读性强simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.1637
年他用简单的律诗对自己一生写了个总结，后来科登·马瑟写道：他是众人之福，也是众人之父“a common blessing
and father to them all”
2． John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England ”.1630年登上
“阿贝亚”（Arbella ）to to Massachutts Massachutts 并开始写日记keep keep a a a journal journal journal and and and to to to the the the rest rest rest of of of his his his life.1826life.1826年正式出版is notable for its candid simplicity and honesty.
3．
他们并不出于创作需要而是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式使文章成为了好的文学作品 the the need need need to to to record record record important important important events events events in in in permanent permanent permanent form. form. form. Yet, Yet, Yet, through through through a a a direct direct direct and and vigorous pro style, each account literary excellence.
hhp是什么意思4． 清教徒（Puritan ）：就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，
要纯洁自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier ”. 总认为自己是上帝选民looked upon themlves as a chon people.对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God ’s Will and was not to be accepted.对自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能容忍they were zealous in defen of their
在线英语发音词典
own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others.
制定法律限制个人生活行为made laws about private morality as well as public behavior
霍桑称他们为“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒”“stern and black-browed Puritans ”.
二、John Cotton and Roger Williams 约翰·科登和罗杰·威廉姆斯 1．John Cotton 第一批知识分子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”the Patriarch of New England. 1633
年到Boston 开始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响了当时人们的行为 he he was was was the the the ““teacher teacher””(spiritual (spiritual leader) leader) leader) of of of the the the community community community and and and its its its guiding guiding
influence toward the ideal of theocracy(a state ruled by the church)
他的影响主要通过教堂讲坛
来完成his primary influence was through the pulpit. 听众对他深信不疑。他们清教徒强调权威，忽视民主they were much more concerned with authority than with democracy.
2．Roger Williams:1631年came to the Massachutts 后被放逐到现罗德岛Rhode Island 。对不同
意见者并不赞同对其迫害而是屈服与容忍，他认为行为上的德，信仰上的诚并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权力，没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨the the idea idea
that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itlf directly with God. 他对印第安语言非常感兴趣Indian language.他写过《开启美国语言的钥匙》或也叫做《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》“A Key into the Language of America ” or “A Help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”
三、 Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor 安妮·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒
这两位清教徒写的诗达到相当高水平，真正能称得上是诗作。
1． Anne Anne Dudley Dudley Dudley Bradstreet Bradstreet 是早期诗人中最风趣的诗人之一one one of of of the the the most most most interesting interesting interesting of of of the the
early poets. 1630年乘“Arbella Arbella””到Massachutts.她的文学创作在抚养八个子女家庭劳作繁重劳动下进行的。
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2．
她的第一部作品由她的姐夫交给伦敦出版商，the title of this collection of poems, in classical allusion(用比喻的方法)即《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》“The The Tenth Tenth Tenth Mu Mu Mu Lately Lately Lately Sprung Sprung Sprung Up Up Up in in
America America””.诗歌中传奇故事有点言过其实，但对日常琐事叙述相当高超poetic poetic ventures ventures ventures were were overambitious but wrote well when dealt with the simple events of her daily life.
3． Edward Taylor：清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets
他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they style and forms of the leading English
poets of the mid-venteenth century
。他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most most of of of Taylor Taylor Taylor’’s s work work work treated treated treated religious religious religious themes, themes, themes, with with with many many many poems poems poems bad bad directly
on the Psalms.
在世时没出版过作品，1937年发现手稿，1960年泰勒诗歌全集。
Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution 理性和革命时期文学
1． 托马斯·佩因《常识》 Thomas Paine’s “C ommon Sen Common Sen ”;
gre阅读
托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》 Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence ”
2． 在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they they hampered hampered hampered colonial colonial
economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country. 九年级英语周报答案
绯闻女孩第六季3． 在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by by ruling ruling ruling the the
colonies colonies from from from overas overas overas and and and by by by taxing t
axing taxing the the the colonies colonies colonies without without without giving giving giving them them them reprentation reprentation reprentation in in Parliament.
4．
美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence. 诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster ）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。
5．文学上独立的代表作：
1785年杰弗逊：《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》Jefferson Jefferson’’s “Notes on the State of Virginia
”; 1791年巴特姆：《旅行笔记》 “Travels” by Bartram
一、 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790
殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in in the the the colonial colonial colonial period, period, period, the the the only only only good good American author before the Revolutionary War .
prevent1． 出生于波士顿Boston，曾创办《半岛公报》。1732-1758出版
《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard ’s Almanac Almanac”” collocation of proverbs.
2．
建立一秘密俱乐部the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭successful in business, renowned in science also rved his nation brilliantly.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence ”.同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法Constitution.
3．
其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer 非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor . He was also sarcastic. 4． 他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography Autobiography””。
编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“General Magazine ” “对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his his shadow shadow shadow lies lies lies heavier heavier heavier than than than any any other man ’s on this young nation.
5．
教材作品《自传》”The Autobiography ”
二、 Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因（1737-1809）
1． 被称为“人类最平凡的人“（Great Commoner of of Mankind Mankind ）.美国著名政治小册子作家pamphleteer pamphleteer. .
2． 1762年税务官职务employed as an exci officer . 1772年《收税官的案子》
“The Ca of the Officers Officers of of of the the the Exci Exci Exci””第一部政治性小册子。 1774年富兰克林给他写介绍信“an an ingenious ingenious worthy young man man””去美国费城Philadelphia, edited the “Pennsylvania Magazine Magazine”” and contributed to the “Pennsylvania Journal ” 是政治讽刺的天才a political satirist of genius.
3． 1776年1月10日his his famous famous famous pamphlet pamphlet pamphlet ““Common Common Sen Sen Sen”” appeared 《常识》，署名“By By an an
Englishman Englishman””.书中大胆拥护“独立宣言”各主张it boldly advocated a “Declaration for In
hamster
dependence Independence””.成了美国独立革命思想的代言人became forthwith the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution.
4． 1776-1783《美国危机》“American American Crisis Crisis Crisis”” signed signed ““Common Common Sen Sen Sen”” was was a a a ries ries ries of of of sixteen sixteen
pamphlets.第一篇于1776年黑色12月出版，这些册子在部队中被广泛传阅，极大恢复士气鼓舞民兵斗志，增强胜利信心was read at once to all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired the success of that citizen ’s army 。 最后一篇1783年12月9日出版。
5．
战争结束后perfecting the model of an iron bridge without piers 。 (1791-1792)《人权》“Rights Rights of of of Man Man Man””。拥护卢梭自由理念，号召推翻英国君主制not not only only
championed Rousau ’s doctrines of freedom, but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.
6．
在法国他因反对绞死路易十六和反对恐怖统治入狱, he oppod the execution of Louis XVI and the Reign of Terror , was imprisoned.
《理性的时代》“The The Age Age Age of of of Reason Reason Reason””1794-1795，这部自然神论的作品主张宗教观念的理性：a deistic deistic treati treati treati advocating advocating advocating a a a rationalistic rationalistic rationalistic view view view of of of religion. religion. 他最后一部作品1797《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice ”.
7． 教材作品：《美国危机》：“The American Crisis ”.
三、 Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）
1． 美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his his thought thought thought and and and personality personality personality have have have influenced influenced influenced his his his countryman countryman more more deeply deeply deeply and and and remained remained remained more more more effectively effectively effectively alive.alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment,
对各领域都有兴趣：law, philosophy, education, science, mechanics …..
2． 尽全力为美国寻找一条自由、自我之路：where where the the the people people people might might might have have have a a a fresh fresh fresh start start start toward toward liberty, liberty, lfhood. lfhood. 作为人文主义都他注重人本身的德行和能力，不看重世俗中特权a a humanist humanist
looked to merit and ability alone, not to privilege
法律保障每个人与生俱来的权利the natural rights of man must be cured by law inalienably for all, irrespective of station
政府是一个必要的魔鬼，政府在普遍赞同下才合法，其目的是为个人谋福利，而不是压榨与剥削人民。政府须为民提供言论、思想、结社、出版、信仰、教育和创业等自由.government, a necessary evil,
found sanction only in the common connt of a social contract, its purpo was the benefit of the individual, not his exploitation; it must provide freedom of speech, thought, association, press, worship, education, and enterpri. 3． 1776年同约翰·亚当斯、本杰明·富兰克林、罗杰·谢尔曼、罗伯特·R·利文斯顿一起起草《独立宣言》with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted
