READING PASSAGE 4
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1—13, which are bad on the passage below
Symbiotic Relationships
gment是什么意思Symbiosis is a clo, long-lasting physical relationship between two different species. In other words, the two species are usually in physical contact and at least one of them derivestowel some sort of benefit from this contact. There are three different categories of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.
captain是什么意思Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism, known as the parasite, lives in or on another organism, known as the host, from which 眼花缭乱是什么意思it derives nourishment. Generally, the parasite is much smaller than the host. Although the host is harmed by the interaction, it is generally not killed immediately by the parasite, and some host individuals may live a long time and be relatively little affected by their parasites. Some parasites are much more destr
uctive than others, however. Newly established parasite/host relationships are likely to be more destructive than tho that have a long evolutionary history. With a long-standing interaction between the parasite and the host, the two species generally evolve in such way that they can accommodate one another. It is not in the parasite's best interest to kill its host. If it does, it must find another. Likewi, the host evolves defens against the parasite, often reducing the harm done by the parasite to a level the host can tolerate.
Parasites that live on the surface of their hosts are known as ectoparasiteslfintroduction>partner什么意思. Fleas, lice, and some molds and mildews are examples of ectoparasites. A Many other parasites, like tapeworms, malaria parasites, many kinds of bacteria, and some fungi, are called endoparasites becau they live inside the bodies of their hosts. B A tapeworm lives in the intestines of its host where it is able to resist being digested and makes u of the nutrients in the intestine. C
Even plants can be parasites. Mistletoe is a flowering plant that is parasitic on trees. It establishes itlf on the surface of a tree when a bird transfers the ed to the tree. It the
n grows down into the water-conducting tissues of the tree and us the water and minerals it obtains from the tissues to support its own growth. D
If the relationship between organisms is one in which one organism benefits while the other is not affected, it is called scarf的意思commensalism. It is possible to visualize a parasitic relationship evolving into a commensal one. Since parasites generally evolve to do as little harm to their host as possible and the host is combating the negative effects of the parasite, they might eventually evolve to the point where the host is not harmed at all. There are many examples of commensal relationships. Orchids often u trees as a surface upon which to grow. The tree is not harmed or helped, but the orchid needs a surface upon which to establish itlf and also benefits by being clo to the top of the tree, where it can get more sunlight and rain. Some moss, ferns, and many vines also make u of the surfaces of trees in this way.
In the ocean, many sharks have a smaller fish known as a remora attached to them. Remoras have a sucker on the top of their heads that they can u to attach to the shark. 日语等一下怎么说
In this way, they can hitchhike a ride as the shark swims along. When the shark feeds, the remora frees itlf and obtains small bits of food that the shark miss. Then, the remora reattaches. The shark does not appear to be positively or negatively affected by remoras.
医疗保险英文Mutualism is another kind of symbiotic relationship and is actually beneficial to both species involved. In many mutualistic relationships, the relationship is obligatory; the species cannot live without each other. In others, the species can exist parately but are more successful when they are involved in a mutualistic relationship. Some species of Acacia, a thorny tree, provide food in the form of sugar solutions in little structures on their stems. Certain species of ants feed on the solutions and live in the tree, which they will protect from other animals by attacking any animal that begins to feed on the tree. Both organisms benefit; the ants receive food and a place to live, and the tree is protected from animals that would u it as food.
One soil nutrient that is usually a limiting factor for plant growth is nitrogen. Many kinds of
plants, such as beans, clover, and alder trees, have bacteria that live in their roots in little nodules. The roots form the nodules when they are infected with certain kinks of bacteria. The bacteria do not cau dia but provide the plants with nitrogen-containing molecules that the plants can u for growth. The nitrogen-fixing bacteria form2016四级 the living site and nutrients that the plants provide, and the plants benefit from the nitrogen they receive.
Exerci 4
1. The word derives in the passage (para. 1) is clost in meaning to
A. requests B. pursues C. obtains D. rejects
2. The word it in the passage (para. 2) refers to
A. host B. organism C. parasite D. relationship
