现代词汇学 答案及英文课本
第一章 词的概述
Exercis answer Chapter 1
Ⅵ.
All the words belong to the native stock. Ⅴ
1. from Danish 2. from French 3. from German 4. from Latin 5. from Italian 6. from Spanish 7. from Arabic 8. from Chine 9. from Russian 10. from Greek 英语参考资料 Chapter 1 在线背单词
A General Survey of a Word Ⅰ. Definition of a word
Aristotle defined a word as the smallest significant unit of speech - a definition which held sway until recently. Modern methods of analysis have discovered mantic units below the word level. A new term is therefore needed to denote the smallest significant element of spe
ech; in contemporary linguistic theory it is known as a morpheme. Bloomfield distinguishes between two types of linguistic forms: free forms and bound forms. Free forms can stand by themlves and sometimes act as a complete utterance whereas bound forms cannot. For example, the word nicely contains the free form nice, and the bound form -ly. The former can occur as an independent unit and even as a ntence (What about the other film? - Nice). But the suffix -ly cannot stand by itlf, to say nothing of acting as a complete utterance. According to Bloomfield, a word is a minimal free form. Lexicology deals by definition with words and wordforming morphemes, that is to say, with significant units. It follows that the elements must be investigated in their form and in their meaning. Therefore, from
flags2013北京高考英语答案 the lexicological point of view, a word is a combination of form
(phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical). In addition, a word acts as a structural unit of a ntence. Ⅱ. Sound and meaning
The Naturalists have argued that the origin of language lies in onomatopoeia, that peopl
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北京日语翻译e began talking by creating iconic signs to imitate the sounds heard around them in nature. They maintain that there is a natural connection between sound and meaning. The Conventionalists, on the other hand, hold that the relations between sound and meaning are conventional and arbitrary. Facts have proved this argument to be valid. Words that convey the same meaning have different phonological forms in different languages - for example, English meat / mi:t /,Chine ròu. Alternatively, the same phonological forms may convey different meanings - for example, sight, site, cite. Ⅲ. Meaning and concept
Meaning is cloly related to a concept. A concept is the ba of the meaning of a word. A word is ud to label a concept. It acts as the symbol for that concept. The concept is abstracted from the person, thing, relationship, idea, event, and so on, that we are thinking about. We call this the referent. The word labels the concept, which is abstracted from the referent; the word denotes the referent, but does not label it. This approach to meaning can be diagrammed as follows: word - concept - referent
The formula shows that the word refers to the referent through a concept.
数学活动经验 A concept is an abstraction from things of the same kind.
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When someone says \to you, how do you know it is a chair? It is simply becau it shows certain characteristics shared by all the objects you call chairs. You have abstracted the characteristics from your experience of chairs, and from what you have learned about chairs. From this it can be deduced that a concept refers to something in general, but not something in particular. A word, however, can refer to both, as is shown in the following two ntences:
...some have begun to realize that the automobile is a mixed blessing. The automobile was stalled in a snowstorm.
The word \general whereas the word in the cond ntence refers to a specific one. There are two aspects to the meaning of a word: denotation and connotation. The process by which the word refers to the referent is called \For example, the denotation of \is \quadruped\The denotative meaning of a word usually refers to the dictionary
definition of a word. As oppod to denotation, connotation refers to the emotional aspect of a word. For example, the connotation of \include \ Ⅳ. Lexical item and vocabulary
A unit of vocabulary is generally referred to as a lexical item. A complete inventory of the lexical items of a language constitutes that language's dictionary. In New Horizons in Linguistics, John Lyons points out that \ The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language. But it may also refer to the words and phras ud in the variants of a language, such as dialect, register, terminology, etc. The vocabulary can be divided into active vocabulary and passive vocabulary: the former refers to lexical items which a person us; the latter to words which he understands.
The English vocabulary is characterized by a mixture of native words and borrowed words. Most of the native words are of Anglo-Saxon origin. They form the basic word stock of the English language. In the native stock we find words denoting the commonest things necessary for life, natural phenomena, divisions of the year, parts of the body, animals, foodstuffs, trees, fruits, human activity and other words denoting the most
upstairsat my most beautiful indispensable things. The native stock also includes auxiliary and modal verbs, pronouns, most numerals, prepositions and conjunctions. Though small in number, the words play no small part in linguistic performance and communication.
Borrowed words, usually known as loan-words, refer to linguistic forms taken over by one language or dialect from another.
slayer The English vocabulary has replenished itlf by continually taking over words from other languages over the centuries. The adoption of foreign words into the English language began even before the English came to England. The Germanic people, of which the Angles and Saxons formed a part, had long before this event been in contact with the civilization of Rome. Words of Latin origin denoting objects belonging to that civilization (wine, butter, chee, inch, mile, mint, etc.) gradually found their way into the English language.
