第7章自然主义
Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.
1.Jack London’s masterwork_____is somewhat autobiographical.
【答案】Martin Eden
【解析】杰克·伦敦名作《马丁·伊登》（Martin Eden）是一部带有自传色彩的长篇小说中，在该书中杰克·伦敦倾注了他的全部心血，写下了自己如何在平庸的资产阶级鄙夷下含辛茹苦地读书和写作的经历。
2.Theodore Dreir visited the Soviet Union in1927and published_____the
following year.
【答案】Dreir Looks at Russia
【解析】1927年访苏后，德莱塞发表了一些作品，其中重要的有1928年发表的《德莱塞访苏印象记》（Dreir Looks at Russia）。
Ⅱ.Explain the following terms
3166什么意思1.American Naturalism（北二外2007研；南开大学2008研）landing page
Key:American Naturalism appeared in the late19th to early20th century.The movement was inspired by the principles and methods of natural science, especially Darwinism,which were adapted to literature and art.In literature, naturalism extended the tradition of realism,aiming at an even more faithful, pudoscientific reprentation of reality,prented without moral judgment.
Characters in naturalistic literature typically illustrate the deterministic role of heredity and environment on human life.Typical American Naturalism is reprented by Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage,Frank Norris’s McTeague and Theodore Dreir’s Sister Carrier.
2.“Trilogy of Desire”（中国人民大学2006研）
feat是什么意思
Key:It refers to Theodore Dreir’s three novels:The Financier，The Titan and The Stoic.The trilogy is bad on the life of Charles T．Yerkes，an American transportation magnate.In his trilogy Dreir
’s focus shifted from the pathos of the helpless protagonists at the bottom of the society to the power of the American financial tycoons in the late19th century.
3.Determinism（国际关系学院2007研）
Key:Determinism is the view that every event,including human cognition, behavior,decision,and action,is causally determined by an unbroken chain of prior occurrences.With numerous historical debates,many varieties and philosophical positions on the subject of determinism exist from traditions throughout the world.
allowed4.The Octopus（四川大学2008研）
Key:The Octopus is a novel by Frank Norris.It describes the raising of wheat in California,and conflict between the wheat growers and a railway company.
Inspired by role of the Southern Pacific Railroad,it depicts the tension between the corrupt railroad and the ranchers and the ranchers’League.The book emphasized the control of“forces”such as wheat and railroads over individuals.
5.Henry Fleming（北航2009研）
Key:Henry Fleming is the protagonist of The Red Badge of Courage,written by American novelist Stephen Crane.Henry Fleming is a young farm boy who dreams of glorious battle lead him to join in the American Civil War.Upon entering battle,his initial confrontation with true war perplexes him and he flees into the woods and feels like a coward.After he receives his“red badge of courage,”a head wound,this shame begins to disappear,and however,he feels guilty.He managed to return to battlefield.In the following battles,Henry becomes one of the best fighters in his battalion as well as the flag bearer,finally proving his courage as a man.
Ⅲ.Read the following quotation and answer the questions.
The advance of the enemy had emed to the youth like a ruthless hunting.He began to fume with rage and exasperation.He beat his foot upon the ground,and scowled with hate at the swirling smoke that was approaching like a phantom flood. There was a maddening quality in this eming resolution of the foe to give him no rest,to give him no time to sit down and think.Yesterday he had fought and had
fled rapidly.There had been adventures.For today he felt that he had earned opportunities for contemplative repo.He could have enjoyed portraying to uninitiated listeners various scenes at which he had been a witness or ably discussing the process of war with other proved men.Too it was important that he should have time for physical recuperation.He was sore and stiff from his experiences.He had received his fill of all exertions,and he wished to rest. Questions:
1.From which novel is this paragraph taken?
2.Who is the author of this novel?
3.How does the author succeed in giving the reader the feeling of war?
Key:
1.The Red Badge of Courage
2.Stephen Crane
benjamin disraeli3.The author compares war to a hunting process.The ruthlessness of war has
turned men into animals.They have to flee or to hunt others or to be hunted.两会翻译
The hero’s psychological anger and restlessness reflected in the passage is a reflection of war’s cruelty.
Ⅳ.Short answer questions
工程管理专业学什么>2017年高考How did Crane’s career as a journalist help him as a fiction writer?
Key:Crane’s career as a fiction writer paralleled his career as a newspaper reporter, which explains why his narration is objective,his obrvation and his
花絮英文
time-quence accurate.Also reflecting his experience as a journalist are the swift impressions he us to introduce events and characters.
Ⅴ.Essay questions
1.What is Stephen Crane’s fictional world like in general?In what n is it naturalistic?
Key:Crane’s fictional world is governed by a God who is either indifferent to humanity or is unable to
american family
intervene in human affairs.The characters subsist in the struggles of life and in the midst of violence.The author obrves them with pessimistic detachment but offers psychological insights about them;in the latter respect,Crane was a decade or so ahead of his time.
A distinct character trait in Crane’s fiction is how he,through the effect of fear,reveals the horror of war,depicts irrational human respons to the condition of life,expos poverty,as well as the associated vices and unprovoked cruelty.In short,his depiction of fear compels the reader to look at the meaninglessness of life.Therefore,it reflects the naturalistic feature of his works.
2.What are the common elements in Red Badge of Courage and Maggie:A Girl of the Streets?And what is being mocked in each of the two?
Key:Maggie:A Girl of the Streets and The Red Badge of Courage have a great deal in common.(1)Both are impressionistic studies of elemental fear,one associated with shame,the other with the failure of courage in military combat.
(2)Each portrays a young person facing a crisis in life.(3)Each prents the color and movement of ci
rcumstances from without and the psychological and emotional forces from within.(4)Not insignificantly,Maggie Johnson and Henry Fleming are both portrayed in their first encounter with death.
In Maggie:A Girl of the Streets,the point of the story,through the ironies,is its mockery of the theory that posssing moral qualities superior to one’s environmental situation can enhance one’s survival.The irony of The Red Badge of Courage turns on the fact that Fleming’s fear first leads to his“cowardly”flight and then ends with his“heroic”attack.
3.What is Frank Norris’s own explanation of his fiction?Why then would critics link him with Crane as naturalists?What is naturalistic about McTeague and The Octopus?
Key:What is striking about Norris’s explanation of his fiction is that he denied any kinship with realism and defined himlf in the tradition of“romance.”
Becau that his“romance”clearly shows the naturalist characteristics: pessimism of human existence in the short run;genetic determinism;Darwinist view of nature which is inclusive of x,growth,hunger,environment;the natural laws of economic forces.In1899,three years after Maggie was published, Norris’s McTeague appeared.It was then that critics linked Crane and Norris as natur
alists.
McTeague tells of how an unschooled and crude San Francisco dentist,due
