Nutrition
The choice of the appropriate tool for measuring dietary intake depends upon the purpo of the study. Diet is usually described in terms of its nutrient content. Typical food patterns, eating habits, and the u of specific foods and groups of foods can also describe diet.
Many different methods can be ud for asssing dietary intake; three of the most common are food frequency questionnaires, food records and twenty-four hour diet recalls.
∙Food Frequency Questionnaires
∙Food Records
∙Dietary Recalls
Food Frequency Questionnaires
Description
A Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) is a limited checklist of foods and beverages with a frequency respon ction for subjects to report how often each items was consumed over a specified periods of time. Semi-quantitative FFQ collect portion size information as standardized portions or as a choice of portion sizes. Portion size information is not collected in non-quantitative FFQs. Calculations for nutrient intake can be estimated via computerized software programs that multiply the reported frequency of each food by the amount of nutrient in a rving of that food.pixie lott
Pros (Strengths)
∙Reprentative of “usual” intake
∙Preferable method of measuring intake for nutrients with very high day-to-day variability
∙模具培训Questionnaire processing is significantly less expensive than food records or diet recalls
∙Can be easy for literate subjects to complete as a lf-administered form
∙Suitable for very large studies
∙Designed to rank individuals according to intake
男生的英文名字
Cons (Weakness)
∙Retrospective method that relies upon the respondent’s memory
∙Cost may increa dramatically for questionnaires must be interviewer-administered, e.g., low literacy populations
∙爱慕者Less nsitive to measures of absolute intake for specific nutrients
方向英语∙Arbitrary groupings of foods may not correspond to perception of respondent
∙Exclusion of foods popular to ethnic minority groups that are significant contributors of nutrients
∙Possible respon distortion of “healthy” foods (e.g., fruits, vegetables)
Examples of Food Frequency Questionnaires
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感恩节的英文∙Harvard FFQ: developed by Walter Willett, M.D. and his colleagues at Harvard University. Portion size information is included as a part of the food item description rather than a parate listing.
成绩单英文
∙Block FFQ: a mi-quantitative FFQ originally developed at the National Cancer Institute under the direction of Gladys Block, PhD.
四川2012高考分数线∙Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ): a mi-quantitative FFQ which us an embedded question approach directed by Fran Thompson and Amy Subar at the National Cancer Institute.
Food Frequency Citations
Block G, Thompson FE, Hartman AM, Larkin FA, Guire KE: Comparison of two dietary questionnaires validated against multiple dietary records collected during a 1-year period. J Am Diet Assoc 92: 686-693, 1992.
Block G, Woods M, Potosky A, Clifford C: Validation of a lf-administered diet history qu
estionnaire using multiple diet records. J Clin Epidemiol 43: 1327-1335,1990.
Block G, Patterson B, Subar A: Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Nutr Cancer 18: 1-29, 1992.
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Field AE, Byers T, Hunter DJ, Laird NM, Manson JE, Williamson DF, Willett WC, Colditz GA: Weight cycling, weight gain, and risk of hypertension in women. Am J Epidemiol 150: 573-579, 1999.
Oh K, Hu FB, Cho E, Rexrode KM, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Liu S, Willett WC: Carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber in relation to risk of stroke in women. Am J Epidemiol 161: 161-169, 2005.
Subar AF, Thompson FE, Kipnis V, Midthune D, Hurwitz P, McNutt S, McIntosh A, Ronfeld S: Comparative Validation of the Block, Willett, and National Cancer Institute Food Frequency Questionnaires: The Eating at America's Table Study. Am J Epidemiol 154: 1089-1099, 2001.
Thompson FE, Subar AF, Brown CC, Smith AF, Sharbaugh CO, Jobe JB, Mittl B, Gibson JT, Ziegler RG: Cognitive rearch enhances accuracy of food frequency questionnaire reports: results of an experimental validation study. J Am Diet Assoc 102: 212-225, 2002.
Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Underwood BA, Speizer FE, Rosner B, Hennekens CH: Validation of a dietary questionnaire with plasma carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol levels. Am J Clin Nutr 38: 631-639, 1983.
Food Frequency Websites
∙The current source of the Block FFQ is through NutritionQuest. The company provides veral types of diet questionnaires and screeners for both children and adults. In addition to diet questionnaires, NutritionQuest also supplies physical activity questionnaires and Behavior Change Systems for organizations. For more information, visit:
