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速度与激情8什么时候上映托福阅读TPO1(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:The origins of theater
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In eking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritua
法硕考研培训l. The process perceived by the anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural caus, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it arches for means to win the favor of the forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes tho actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.
Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include reprentatives of tho supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to reprent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes more
sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from the rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the for
mer mystical and socially efficacious concerns.
Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been propod as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are en as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.blow是什么意思
A cloly related theory es theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal nois and sounds. Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are en as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances.
tmall是什么意思In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it cead to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, t forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., es humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in eing such i
mitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they ek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than tho encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.
But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itlf leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition ems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous
rather than as rious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic n. For example, some early societies cead to consider certain rites esntial to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious ufulness.an parker
托福阅读试题no 1是什么意思
会计学研究生排名
1.The word “championed” in the passage (paragraph 1) is clost in meaning to
A.changed
wouldyouplea>trashbin
B.debated
D.supported
2.The word “attributes”in the passage (paragragh 1）is clost inal qaeda
