Heraclitus赫拉克利特
Heraclitus 赫拉克利特
Birth ca. 535 BCE
Death 475 BCE
School/tradition 学派/传统 不属于任何思想派别，但后来的追随者被称之为“赫拉克利特学派[主义者]”
Not considered to belong to any school of thought, but later subscribers to the philosophy were "Heracliteans."
Main interests 主要兴趣
Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Politics 形⽽上学、认识论、伦理学、政治学
Notable ideas 主要思想
Logos, flow 罗格斯、流动
Influenced 影响
Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle, Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Whitehead, Karl Popper, among many others 巴门尼德、柏拉图、亚⾥⼠多德、⿊格尔、尼采、海德格尔、怀特海、卡尔?波普尔 等等
Heraclitus of Ephesus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. Heraclitus is known for his doctrine of change being central to the univer, and that the Logos is the fundamental order of all.
以弗所的赫拉克利特是⼀位前苏格拉底希腊哲学家，⼩亚细亚东海岸爱奥尼亚以弗所⼈。他因“变化是世界的本质以及罗格斯是万物的基本秩序”的学说⽽闻名。
The main source for the life of Heraclitus is Diogenes La?rtius. Some have questioned the validity of the anecdotes bad on political or social conjecture; however, there is no solid scholarship refuting them.
有关赫拉克利特的⽣活的材料主要来⾃戴奥真尼斯?拉尔修。有⼈怀疑以政治或社会猜测为基础的逸事有效性，但没有可靠的东西来反驳。
Diogenes said that Heraclitus flourished in the 69th Olympiad, which would be 504-501 BC. All the rest of the evidence -
whom Heraclitus is said to have known or who implies that he was familiar with Heraclitus' work - confirms the floruit but does nothing to establish the start and end dates. Tho vary by veral years in different authors but all are bad on a life span of 60 years, the age at which Diogenes says he died, with the floruit in the middle.
据戴奥真尼斯说，赫拉克利特的活跃时期在第69届奥运会，时间应该在公元前504-501年。所有其余的证据---说赫拉克利特认识他或者说他熟悉赫拉克利特的作品—都可以确证全盛期⽽不能确定开始与结束的时间。不同的作者认定的起始与结束时间由若⼲年的差别，但所有⼈都以他60年的寿命为基础，戴奥真尼斯所说的他死亡的时间，正处于全盛期中。
语录体
Heraclitus was born to an aristocratic family in Ephesus, prent-day Efes, Turkey. His father was named either Blosōn or Herakōn. Diogenes says that he abdicated the kingship in favor of his brother and Strabo confirms that there was a ruling family in Ephesus descended from the Ionian founder, Androclus, which still kept the title and could sit in the chief at at the games, as well as a few other privileges.
赫拉克利特⽣在以弗斯[现在的⼟⽿其艾菲斯]的⼀个贵族家庭。他⽗亲名字是布劳森或赫拉肯。戴奥真尼斯说，他为了弟弟⽽放弃了王位，斯特雷波确认，在以弗斯有个源⾃爱奥尼亚创始⼈的统治家族---安德鲁克鲁斯，依然拥有这⼀头衔并占据着⾸领的席位，也有⼀些其他特权。
How much power the king had is another question. Ephesus had been part of the Persian Empire since 547 and was ruled by a satrap, a more distant figure, as the Great King allowed the Ionians considerable autonomy. Diogenes says that Heraclitus ud to play knuckle-bones with the youths in the temple of Artemis and when asked to start making laws he refud.
国王有多⼤权⼒是另外⼀个问题。以弗所⾃547年就是波斯帝国的组成部分并受⼀个总督的统治，此总督是个更加遥远的⼈物，因为⼤帝赋予爱奥尼亚⼈很多⾃治权。戴奥真尼斯说，赫拉克利特常常与阿尔特⽶斯神殿的年轻⼈玩抓⼦⼉游戏，⽽当让他制定法律时，他拒绝了。
With regard to education, Diogenes says that Heraclitus was "marvellous" (thaumasios) from childhood, which is an implication of prodigy.
说到教育，戴奥真尼斯说赫拉克利特从孩童时代就“异常出⾊”，就是说他是个神童。
Heraclitus hated the Athenians and his fellow Ephesians, wishing the latter wealth in punishment for their wicked ways. Says Diogenes: "Finally, he became a hater of his kind (misanthrope) and wandered the mountains ... making his diet of grass and herbs."
赫拉克利特仇恨雅典⼈和他的以弗所同胞，他希望后者因邪恶⽽遭受惩罚。戴奥真尼斯说：“最后他成为他同族⼈的仇恨者（不愿和⼈来往的⼈），在⼭中漫步…吃草”。
Heraclitus' life as a philosopher was interrupted by a general edema and impairment of vision. The physicians he consulted were unable to prescribe a cure. He treated himlf with a liniment of cow manure and baking in the sun, believing that this method would remove the fluid. After 24 hours of treatment he died and was interred in the marketplace.
赫拉克利特在位哲学家的⽣活由于浑⾝浮肿和视⼒损伤⽽中断。他请的医⽣不能治愈他的病。他涂抹⽜粪然后在太阳底下烘烤治病，认为这种⽅法会驱除积液。24⼩时如此的治疗后他死了，被埋葬在市场。
Fragments 残篇
1. Of the Logos which is as I describe it men always prove to be uncomprehending, both before they have heard it and when once they have heard it. For although all things happen according to this Logos men are like people of no experience, even when they experience such words and deeds as I explain, when I distinguish each thing according to its constitution and declare how it is; but the rest of men fail to notice what they do after they wake up just as they forget what they do when asleep. 我所说的“罗格斯”，⽆论⼈们在听说他之前抑或之后，总是不能理解它。虽然⼀切都按罗格斯⾏事，但甚⾄在⼈们亲⾝经历我所说解释的这样的说法与事实时，当我按照每⼀事物的结构来辨别它并指出
它怎么样时，他们就好像⼀点经验都没有；还有些⼈不知道⾃⼰在睡醒后都在⼲什么，就像他们忘了睡觉时所梦的事情⼀样。
2. Therefore it is necessary to follow the common: but although the Logos is common the many live as though they had a private understanding. 因此，必须遵循这个普遍的东西：但是，虽然罗格斯是普遍的，很多⼈却仿佛他们对罗格斯有个⼈的看法⼀样活着。
8. That which is in opposition is in concert, and from things that differ comes the most beautiful harmony. 相反者相成，差别形成最美的和谐。
四六级官网
12. Upon tho that step into the same rivers different and different It scatters and.., gathers.., it comes
together and flows away . . . approaches and departs. 踏进同⼀条河流的⼈不同，不同的⽔流动着…它消散…，聚合…，它合与分…接近与远离。
18. If one does not expect the unexpected one will not find it out, since it is not to be arched out, and difficult to compass.未料到出⼈意料就不会找到它，因为它找不到也难于理解的。
19. Men who do not know how to listen or how to speak. ⼈们不知道怎样听或怎样说。
26. A man in the night kindles a light for himlf when his vision is extinguished; living, he is in contact with the dead, when asleep, and with the sleeper, when awake. ⼈在夜晚看不见东西的时候才点灯；活着的⼈⼀定要死，睡了要醒，醒了要睡。
27. There await men after they are dead things which they do not expect or imagine. ⼈们死后会遇到他们预料不到或想象不到的东西。
30. This ordered univer (cosmos), which is the same for all, was not created by any of the gods or of mankind, but it was ever and is and shall be ever-living Fire, kindled in measure and quenched in measure. 这个对于万物皆同样的有秩序的世界[宇宙]，不
是由任何神或⼈创造的，它过去曾经是、现在仍然是，将来继续是永不熄灭的⽕，在⼀定分⼨上点燃，在⼀定分⼨上熄灭。
36. For souls it is death to become water, for water it is death to become earth; from earth water comes-to-be, and from water, soul. 灵魂变⽔，⽔变⼟；⽔来于⼟，灵魂来于⽔。
福州外语培训47. Let us not conjecture at random about the greatest things. 对最伟⼤的东西我们不能妄猜。
49a. In the same river, we both step and do not step, we are and we are not. 我们既踏进同⼀条河流
⼜不踏进同⼀条河流，我们既存在⼜不存在。英语演讲范文
50. Listening not to me but to the Logos it is wi to agree that all things are one. 听从罗格斯⽽不是听从我，承认万物是“⼀”就是明智的。
51. They do not understand how that which differs with itlf is in agreement: harmony consists of opposing tension, like that of the bow and the lyre. 他们不理解相反者如何相成：和谐由紧张构成，正如⼸和琴⼀样。
60. The way up and the way down is one and the same. 上坡路与下坡路是同⼀条路。
64. The thunder-bolt (i.e., Fire) steers the univer. 雷电操纵世界。男士风衣搭配
65. Similarly, a living man, when his vision is extinguished in death, flares into flame on achieving the state of death. 类似地，⼀个活⼈因死⽽视⼒熄灭时，他变成了达到死亡状态的⽕焰。
口译软件
67. God is day night, winter summer, war peace, satiety hunger, (all the opposites; this is the meaning); he undergoes alteration in the way that fire, when it is mixed with spices, is named according to the scent of each of them. 神既是昼⼜是夜，既是冬⼜是夏，既是战⼜是和，既是饱⼜是饿，（所有这些都是对⽴⾯；这就是其意义）；其变化犹如⽕⼀样，与不同的⾹料混合产⽣⾹味⽽各
得其名。
73. We must not act and speak like men asleep. 不能像睡梦中的⼈那样做事和说话。
90. There is an exchange: all things for Fire and fire for all things, like goods for gold and gold for goods. 存在着这样的转化：万物转化成⽕与⽕转化成万物，就像商品换成黄⾦与黄⾦换成货物⼀样。
91. It is not possible to step twice into the same river. ⼈不可能两次踏进同⼀条河流。
93. The lord who oracle is that at Delphi neither speaks nor conceals, but indicates. 德尔斐上帝的神谕既不明说也不隐藏，只是暗⽰。
101. I arched into mylf. 我研究⾃⼰。
102. To God, all things are beautiful, good and just but men have assumed some things to be unjust, others just. 对神⽽⾔，万物都是美妙的、善的和正义的，但是⼈们认为有些事情是⾮正义的，有些事情是正义的。
112. Moderation is the greatest virtue, and wisdom is to speak the truth and to act according to nature, paying heed (thereto). 适度是最⼤的美德，智慧就是到处真理并注意按⾃然⾏动。
116. All men have the capacity of knowing themlves, and acting with moderation. 所有⼈都有认识⾃⼰并适度⾏动的能⼒。
123. Nature likes to hide. ⾃然喜欢隐藏。
125. The 'mixed drink' (i.e., mixture of wine, grated chee and barley-meal) also parates if it is not stirred. 混合饮料（譬如葡萄酒、搓碎⼲酪和⼤麦粉）如果不搅拌也会离析。
[以下赫拉克利特名⾔没有次序，摘⾃卡拉克的《爱智慧者》]
1. Cool things become warm; what is warm cools; what is wet dries out; what is dry becomes moist. 冷变暖；暖变冷；湿变⼲；⼲变湿。
2. To tho who are awake the world-order is one, common to all; but the sleeping turn aside each into a world of his own. 对于清醒的⼈世界秩序就是的“⼀”，谁都⼀样；但是不清醒者⾛进的是⾃⼰的世界。
3. Eyes and ears are bad witness to people if they have souls that do not understand their language. 对于那些拥有不能理解其语⾔的灵魂的⼈，眼睛和⽿朵是最糟糕的证据。
4. The hidden harmony is stronger than the apparent. 隐藏的和谐⽐表⾯的和谐更强。
restaurant什么意思5. Aggregations are wholes, yet not wholes, brought together, yet carried asunder; in accord, yet not in accord. From all, one; from one, all. 集合体既是整体有不是整体，它既聚⼜和，⼀致⼜不⼀致。⼀⽣万物，万物归⼀。
6. The soul has a Logos which increas itlf. 灵魂具有加强⾃⾝的罗格斯。
7. You would not find out the boundaries of the soul though you traveled every road, so deep is its logos. 虽然你在每⼀条道路上旅⾏，也找不到灵魂的边界，因为其罗格斯很深。
8. Life is a child moving pieces in a game. The kingship is in the hands of a child. ⽣活就是玩骰⼦的⼩孩。王权都在⼩孩的⼿中。
9. The Ephesians ought to hang themlves--every adult amongst them--and leave their city to adolescents. 以弗所⼈都应该统统上吊—包括每个成年⼈—⽽把城邦留给青少年。
Testimonies 证⾔
1. According to Heraclitus we become intelligent by drawing in this divine reason (logos) through breathing, and forgetful
when asleep, but we regain our ns when we wake up again. For in sleep, when the channels of perception are shut, our mind is sundered from its kinship with the surrounding, and breathing is the only point of attachment to be prerved, like a kind of root; being sundered, our mind casts off its former power of memory. But in the waking state it again peeps out through the channels of perception as though through a kind of window, and meeting with the surrounding it puts on its power of reason… 在赫拉克利特看来，我们通过呼吸在神圣的道（罗格斯）的引领下变得聪明，虽然进⼊睡梦就会健忘，但每当再次醒来的时候我们就会恢复感觉。由于睡着的时候感觉的通道关闭了，我们的思想同外界中断了密切关系，呼吸是保持联系的唯⼀⼿段，就像根⼀样；由于与外界隔离，思想就放弃了原来的记忆。但在清醒状态下，它⼜会通过感觉的通道显现出来，就仿佛通过⼀扇窗户，接触其透射理性之光的环境…
2. Coming to his particular tenets, we may state them as follows: fire is the element, all things are exchange for fire and come into being by rarefaction and condensation; but of this he gives no clear explanation. All things come into being by conflict of opposites, and the sum of things flows like a stream. Further, all that is is limited and forms one world. And it is alternately born from fire and again resolved into fire in fixed cycles to all eternity, and this is determined by destiny. Of the opposites
that which tends to birth or creation is called war and strife, and that which tends to destruction by fire is called concord and peace. 为了理解他的具体原则，我们可以表述如下：⽕是元素，通过扩散与浓缩万物与它互相转化：但是他没有对这⼀点进⾏明确解释。万物由对⽴⾯冲突产⽣，它们的流动就像⼀条河。还有，所有的存在都受到限制并构成⼀个世界。在永恒⽽固定的循环中，万物不断地由⽕产⽣⼜复归于⽕，这是由命运决定的。彼此互⽣的对⽴⾯叫做战⽃和冲突，由⽕毁灭的对⽴⾯叫做和谐与和平。
Change he called a pathway up and down, and this determines the birth of the world. For fire by contracting turns into moisture, and this condensing turns into water; water again when congealed turns into earth. This process he calls the downward path. Then again earth is liquefied, and thus gives ri to water, and from water the rest or the ries is derived. He reduces nearly everything to exhalation from the a. This process is the upward path. 他把变化称之为向上的路与向下的路，这决定了世界的产⽣。⽕浓缩变成潮⽓，潮⽓进⼀步浓缩则变成⽔；⽔进⼀步凝结则为⼟。这⼀过程，他称之为向下的路。⼟溶解然后变为⽔，从⽔出发⼜产⽣⼀系列变化。他把⼏乎⼀切都还原为⼤海的呼吸。此过程就是向上的路。
Exhalations ari from earth as well as from a; tho from a are bright and pure, tho from earth dark. Fire is fed by the bright exhalations, the moist element by the others. 呼吸既来⾃⼟也来
contained
⾃海；来⾃海的呼吸是明亮和纯洁的，来⾃⼟的呼吸是⿊暗的。⽕通过明亮的呼吸得到营养，潮湿的元素通过其他呼吸得到营养。
He does not make clear the nature of the surrounding element. He says, however, that there are in it bowls with their concavities turned toward us, in which the bright exhalations collect and produce flames. The are the heavenly bodies. 他没有解释环境元素的性质。可是他说，其中有凹向我们的盆地，明亮的呼吸聚集并产⽣⽕焰。这些东西就是天体。
The flame of the sun is the brightest and hottest; and other stars are further from the earth and for that reason give it less light and heat. The moon, which is nearer to the earth, travers a region which is not pure. The sun, however, moves in a
clear and untroubled region, and keeps a proportionate distance from us. That is why it gives us more heat and light. Eclips of the sun and moon occur when the bowls are turned upwards; the monthly phas of the moon are due to the bowl turning round in its place little by little. 太阳的⽕焰最明亮也最热；其他恒星来⾃于⼟，所以有较少的光和热。可是，太阳在空旷⽽平静的地⽅，与我们保持适当的距离。这就是他给我们较多光和热的原因。⽇⾷和⽉⾷在盆地转⾄朝向上时发⽣；⽉相是由于盆地逐步转动产⽣的。
Day and night, months, asons and years, rains and winds and other similar phenomena are accounted for by the various exhalations. Thus the bright exhalation, t aflame in the hollow orb of the sun, produces day, the opposite exhalation when it has got the mastery caus night; the increa of warmth due to the bright exhalation produces summer, whereas the preponderance of moisture due to the dark exhalation brings about winter. His explanations of other phenomena are in harmony with this. 昼夜、⽉份、季节、年度、云⾬以及其它类似的现象，都可以通过各种呼吸得以说明。在太阳轨道上，明亮的呼吸产⽣⽕焰，这就会产⽣⽩天，相反的呼吸则会产⽣⿊夜；由明亮的呼吸带来温度增加产⽣夏天；反之，⿊暗的呼吸让潮湿占优势就带来冬天。他对其他现象的解释与此⼀致。
北大青鸟培训课程He gives no account of the nature of the earth, nor even of the bowls. The, then, were his opinions. 他没有说明地球的性质，也没有说明盆地的性质。如上就是他的看法。
沪江小词典
