Chine language
The Chine language is a member of the Sino-Tibetan familymonday怎么读汉藏语系六级成绩查询入口 of languages. Although most Chine view many varieties of spoken Chine as a single language, the variations in spoken language are comparable to tho of Romance languages印欧语; the written language has also changed over time, though far more slowly than the spoken language, and hence has been able to transcend much of the variation in spoken language.
The terms and concepts ud by Chine to think about language are different from tho ud in the West, partly becau of the unifying effects of the Chine characters ud in writing, and partly becau of differences in the political and social development of China in comparison with Europe.
One major difference between Chine concepts of language and Western concepts is that Chine makes a sharp distinction between written language (wen) and spoken language (yu). This distinction extends to the distinction between written word (zi) and spoken word (hua). The concept of a distinct and unified combination of both written and spoken forms of
language is much less strong in Chine than in the West. There are a variety of spoken Chine, the most prominent of which is Mandarin普通话. There is however only one uniform written script. (See ction below.)
Spoken Chine is a tonal language related to Tibetan and Burme缅甸, but genetically unrelated to other neighbouring languages, such as Korean, Vietname, Thai, and Japane. However, the languages were strongly influenced by Chine in the cour of history, linguistically and also extralinguistically. Korean and Japane both have writing systems employing Chine characters, which are called Hanja and Kanji, respectively. In North Korea, Hanja has been completely discontinued and Hangul is the sole way to express their language, while in South Korea, Hanja is ud as a form of bold face. Along with tho two languages, Vietname also contains many Chine loanwords and formerly ud Chine characters.
I. The origin of the Chine script
There have been various stories about the origin of the Chine script, with nearly all anci
ent writers attributing it to a man named Cangjie.
Evidently the stories cannot be accepted as the truth, for any script can only be a creation developed by the mass of the people to meet the needs of social life over a long period of trial and experiment. A group of ancient tombs have been discovered in recen years at Yanghe in Luxian County, Shandong Province. They date back 4,500 years and belong to a late period of the Dawenkou Culture. Among the large numbers of relics unearthed are about a dozen pottery wine vesls (called zun), which bear a character each. The pictographs, the earliest forms of Chine written characters, already possd the characteristics of a script.
As is well-known, written Chine is not an alphabetic language, but a script of ideograms. Their formation follows three principles:
Hieroglyphics or the drawing of pictographs会意字
As explained before, this was the earliest method by which Chine characters were designed and from which the other methods were subquently developed.
Associative compounds
The principle of forming characters by drawing pictures is easy to understand, but pictographs cannot express abstract ideas.
美容按摩手法Pictophoneticsdft形声字
Though pictographs and associative compounds indicate the meanings of characters by their forms, yet neither of the two categories gives any hint as to pronunciation. The pictophonetic method was developed to create new characters by combining one element indicating meaning and the other sound.
II. Oracle Inscriptions(Jiaguwen)
The refer to the scripts carved by the ancients of the Shang Dynasty
Their discovery was by accident
In 1899, Wang Yirong, an official under the Qing Dynasty, fell ill. One of the medicaments
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prescribed by the physician was called "longgu" (dragon bones). They turned out to be fragments of tortoi shells which were found to bear strange carved-on patterns. He kept the "dragon bones" and showed them to scholars who, after careful study, came to the conclusion that the carvings were written records from 3,000 years before and were of great historical significance. Further inquiries revealed that the "dragon bones" had been unearthed at Xiaotun Village, Anyang County, Henan Province, site of the remains of the Shang Dynasty capital.
III. Inscriptions 铭文on Bronze Objects (Jinwen or Zhongdingwen)
audience复数Another type of early Chine script in its long history of development is reprented by the inscriptions cast or carved on ancient bronze objects of the Shang and Zhou dynasties. It is called Jinwenbunches (literally, script on metal) and, as ancient bronzes are generally referred to as zhongding (bells and tripods), it is also called zhongdingwen.
IV. Bamboo and wood slips (Zhujian and Mujian)
In muums of ancient history one often es bamboo or wood strips written with characters by the writing brush. The slips are calledphone jian, the earliest form of books in China.
twistaThe practice of writing on slips began probably during the Shang Dynasty (c.l7th-l 1th century B.C.) and lasted till the Eastern Han (A.D. 25-220), extending over a period of 1,600-1,700 years. The Historical Records, the first monumental general history written by the great historian ambulanceSima Qian (c.145 B.C.-?), consisting of 520,000 characters in 130 chapters and covering a period of 3,000 years from the legendary Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wudi of the Han, was written on slips. So were other well-known works of ancient China, including the Book of Songs (the earliest Chine anthology of poems and songs from 11th century to about 600 B. C.) and Jiuzhang Suanshu (Mathematics in Nine Chapters completed in the 1 st century A.D., the earliest book on mathematics in the country).
