史上最全俄罗斯中英双语介绍
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Historydismiss的意思
Formerly the dominant republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Russia is now an independent country, and an influential member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, since the union’s dissolution in December 1991. During the Soviet era, Russia was officially called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR). Russia is usually considered the Soviet Union’s successor state in diplomatic matters.
Russia was founded in the 12th century as the Principality of Muscovy. It was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new Romanov Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under Peter I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overt分别英语
hrow in 1917 of the imperial houhold.
The Communists under Vladimir Lenin ized power soon after and formed the USSR. Jof Stalin (1928-53) strengthened Russian dominance of the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union consolidated its hold on Eastern Europe and sought to expand its influence elwhere in the world. This active foreign policy helped bring about the Cold War, which turned the Soviet Union’s wartime allies, the United Kingdom and the United States, into foes.
Stalin died in 1953 and in the abnce of an acceptable successor, the Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Communism. However, his initiatives inadvertently relead forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into 15 independent republics. Since then, Russia has struggled in its efforts to build a democratic political system and market economy to replace the strict social, political, and economic controls of the Communist period.
支架英文Most of the area, population, and industrial production of the Soviet Union, then one of the world’s two superpowers, lay in Russia. After the breakup of the USSR, Russia’s global role however has gr
eatly diminished, and cannot be compared to that of the former Soviet Union.
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历史
俄罗斯是前苏联社会主义共和国的主要国家，现在是一个独立国家，自从1991年苏联解体后它是独立的联邦政府中最有影响的成员。在苏联时期，俄罗
斯正式的名称叫做俄罗斯苏联同盟社会主义共和国。俄罗斯在外交事宜中通常被看作是苏联的继承者。
俄罗斯作为俄国公国在12世纪建立的。它开始脱离蒙古（13到15世纪）200多年的统治，并且逐渐征
one woman服周围的公国。在17世纪早期，新的罗马诺王朝继续从西伯利亚往太平洋扩张。在彼得一世（统治从1682至1725）的率领下，国土延伸至波罗的海并将国家命名为俄罗斯帝国。在19世纪，从欧洲和亚洲获得了更大的领土。在第一次世界大战中俄军的节节败退导致了国内主要城市的大暴动，在1917年推翻了沙皇的统治。
共产党在列宁的领导下夺取了军权，随后建立了苏联。斯大林（1928－53）巩固了俄罗斯人在苏联的统治。苏联加强了它在东欧的实力，并在全世界寻求扩大影响。这种活跃的外交政策导致了冷战，它使苏联战时的同盟－英国和美国陷入敌对状态。
1953年斯大林的逝世，而国家又缺少合适的继承者，这使得随后的几十年里苏联经济和社会变得萧条，直到秘书长戈尔巴乔夫（1985－91）提出在尝试现代化共产主义中公开化（开放）和改革（重组）。然而他的积极政策客观上使苏联在1991年12月分裂为15个独立的共和国。从那时起，俄罗斯开始努力建设民主政治体制并以市场经济来取代共产党时期的计划经济。
前苏联大部分的地区，人口和工业生产在俄罗斯，使之成为世界两大超级大国之一。但苏联解体之后，俄罗斯的国际地位大大降低，已经无法与前苏联相比。
Geography
The Russian Federation or Russia is a country that stretches over a vast expan of Europe and Asia. With an area of some 17,075,200 km²(6,595,600 mi²), it is the largest country in the world, covering almost twice the territory of the next-largest country, Canada. It ranks eighth in the world in population. It shares land borders with the following countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (only through Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea.合格证英文
Russia stretches across much of the north of the supercontinent of Eurasia. It
contains a large share of the world’s Arctic and sub-Arctic areas, and therefore has less population, economic activity, and physical variety per unit area than most countries, the great area south of the still accommodates a great variety of landscapes and climates. Most of the land consists of vast plains, both in the European part and the Asian part that is largely known as Siberia. The plains are predominantly steppe to the south and heavily forested to the north, with tundra along the northern coast. Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the Caucasus (containing Mount Elbrus, Russia’s and Europe’s highest point at 5,633m) and the Altai, and in the eastern parts, such as the Verkhoyansk Range or the volcanoes on Kamchatka. The more central Ural Mountains is a north-south range which divides Europe from Asia.
Russia has an extensive coastline of over 37,000km along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as more or less inland as such as the Baltic, Black and Caspian as. Some smaller bodies of water are part of the open oceans; the Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea are part of the Arctic, whereas the Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan belong to the Pacific Ocean. Major islands found in them include Novaya Zemlya, the Franz-Jof Land, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin
地理
上海新东方精英英语俄罗斯是一个跨越欧亚两大洲的国家。它是世界上最大的国家，有大约1707.52万平方公里（659.56万平方英里），几乎是世界第二大国加拿大的两倍。人口总数居世界第八。与它接壤的国家有：挪威，芬兰，爱沙尼亚，拉脱维亚，立陶宛，波兰（仅穿过加里宁格勒州），白俄罗斯，乌克兰，格鲁吉亚，阿塞拜疆，哈萨克斯坦，中国，蒙古和朝鲜。
俄罗斯横跨欧亚大陆北部的大部分地区。它在北极圈和被回归线区域内，因此人口、经济活动和每个地区的自然变化都少于大多数国家。俄罗斯大部分的土地是平原，在欧洲和亚洲都叫做西伯利亚地区。在南部主要是草原，北部都是森林，它包括沿着北海岸的冻土地带。山脉主要在南部边境，比如高加索山脉（有厄尔布鲁士山，它是俄罗斯乃至欧洲的最高点，海拔5633米）和阿尔泰山，在东部有维尔霍杨斯克山脉和勘察加半岛的火山。更中心的乌拉尔山脉是区分欧亚大陆的西北面的山脉。dismisd
粽子 英语俄罗斯沿着北极和太平洋海岸有着长达37000公里的海岸线，同样有波罗的海，黑海和里海这样或多或少的内陆湖。某些小型的湖泊属于海洋的一部分，巴伦支海，白海, 喀拉海, 拉普贴夫海和西伯利亚海是北极的一部分，而白林海, 鄂霍次克海和日本海都属于太平洋。主要的岛屿有Novaya Zemlya，Franz－Jof岛，新西伯利亚岛，弗兰格尔岛，Kuril岛和库页岛。
Political System
素组词语The Russian Federation is a federal republic with a president, directly elected for a four-year term, w
ho holds considerable executive power. The president, who resides in the Kremlin, nominates the highest state officials, including the prime minister (or premier), who must be approved by the State Duma, the lower hou of Russian parliament. The president can pass decrees (executive orders) without connt from Parliament and is also the head of the armed forces and of the Russian National Security Council.
Russia’s bicameral parliament, the Federal Asmbly, consists of an upper hou known as the Federation Council which compos 178 delegates rving a four-year term (two are appointed from each of the 89 federal subjects), and a lower hou
