Antibiotics in dairy cow milk and the development of resistance.牛奶中的抗生素对生长的阻碍
gooTechnical Bulletin 2014-III技术公报2014-Ш
Background背景
The u of antibiotics is a current issue in the livestock industry. In order to prevent further development of resistance of bacteria against antibiotics, the u of antibiotics has to be decread with 70% in 2015 compared to 2009 in the Dutch livestock industry.
星座情感抗生素的使用是当前畜牧行业面临的一个问题，为了防止细菌对抗生素耐药性的进一步发展，荷兰畜牧业抗生素2015年的使用与2009年相比已经下降了70%。
In the dairy industry, two third of the antibiotics is ud for drying of cows. The preventive drying off with antibiotics is prohibited in the Netherlands since 2011. Farmers now only can lectively u antibiotics when drying of cows. Besides drying off, antibiotics are also ud for the treatment of mastitis. Cows still produce milk during the treatment, which should be
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discarded becau of the (residues of) antibiotics in the milk. However, it is estimated that at 50% of the dairy farms in the Netherlands, cow milk containing antibiotics is not discarded, but fed to the calves.
在奶牛业，三分之二的抗生素用于奶牛干奶。在荷兰从2011年开始已经禁止用抗生素用来干奶。奶农只有在奶牛干奶后才可以选择性使用抗生素。除了干奶用药，抗生素也被用于乳房炎的治疗。在治疗期间奶牛一直在产奶，这部分牛奶应当被丢弃，因为抗生素残留在了奶中。然而，据统计，在荷兰约50%的牧场含有抗生素的牛奶并没有丢弃，而是喂给了犊牛。
Feeding cow milk containing antibiotics to calves is not allowed according to European regulations, in which it is stated that the feed for animals should be clean and safe. Cow milk containing antibiotics, due to the (residues of) antibiotics, is not considered to be clean and safe.
按照欧洲的法规，含有抗生素的牛奶是不允许喂犊牛的，法规中指出，给动物的饲料应该是清洁的，安全的。这些牛奶，由于抗生素的残留是不被认为是清洁和安全的。
Waste milk,would you drink it? 废奶，你会用它喂牛吗？
The antibiotics can result in destruction of the first intestinal flora of the calf and the development of resistant bacteria to the antibiotics prent in the milk. Destruction of the micro flora leads to an impeded uptake of nutrients and thereby a reduction in growth. Heifers that were treated with antibiotics as a calf, produce about 500 kg less milk during their first lactation. The effects of feeding milk containing antibiotics are not investigated, but it is clear that antibiotics have a big influence on the performance.
废奶中抗生素可以破坏犊牛第一肠道菌群，也可以导致牛奶中的对抗生素具有抗性的耐药性细菌的繁殖。由于肠道菌群遭到破坏，犊牛对营养物质的吸收会受到影响，生长速度也会降低。当小母牛在犊牛时期用抗生素治疗过，第一次产奶期它的产奶量会降低约500kg。
喂含有抗生素的牛奶的对产奶量的影响目前没有研究，但是很明显抗生素对产奶量有很大的影响。
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Colostrum milk 初乳
competition的音标Besides the regular milk, also the, for the newborn calf very important, first colostrum of a cow may contain (residues of) antibiotics when the cow was dried off with antibiotics. A farmer can t up a test to know if the colostrum or milk is antibiotic free. However, since it is of great importance that a calf receives the first colostrum within two hours, and the test takes veral hours to show results, waiting for the results takes too much time. Another way to make sure that no antibiotics are fed to the calves is to u colostrum from another healthy (older) cow. The advantage of using colostrum from older cows is that their colostrum is rich in antibodies. Colostrum can be kept in the fridge up to 3 days, but it can be kept frozen for a year.
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如果奶牛用抗生素干奶，除了常乳中，初乳中也可能含有抗生素，而初乳对于新出生犊牛是最重要的。牧场可以做一个检测便知道初乳或鲜奶中是否含有抗生素。由于第一次初乳对小牛非常重要，它需要控制在两个小时内饲喂，然而，测试需要几个小时来显示结果，等待结果需要太多的时间。另一种确保没有抗生素提供给犊牛的方式是选择来自一头健康奶牛的初乳喂犊牛。使用来自母牛的初乳的特点是他们的初乳中含有丰富的抗体。初乳可以在冰箱内冷藏保存3天，冷冻保存可以长达1年。
In order to reduce the number of bacteria, milk of cows with a high cell count can be pasteurized. This does not reduce the amount of antibiotics. Besides, pasteurizing also has conquences for the vitamins, immunoglobulins, and calcium ions in the milk.
为了减少细菌的数量，含有高细胞计数的牛奶需经过高温杀菌，这样做并不能降低抗生素的含量。此外，巴氏灭菌也会影响牛奶中的维生素，抗体和钙离子。
Our vision 我们的观点
It is strongly discouraged and even not allowed to feed colostrum or milk that contains (residues of) antibiotics to calves, not to the heifers that will be kept, nor to the (mainly male) calves that will leave the farm. Given the great importance of supplying colostrum, it is recommended to store colostrum from (older) cows that were not dried off with antibiotics. honeybunch
我们强烈劝阻甚至不允许将含有和抗生素（残留）的初乳或牛奶喂给犊牛，不喂给留养的犊牛，也不喂给将要淘汰的犊牛（主要是公犊）。鉴于初乳供给的重要性，建议储存来自年龄较大的产奶母牛的没有抗生素的初乳。
南京电脑Feeding milk replacers instead of cow milk is a safe next step to make sure the calves receive milk that is free of antibiotics and dias like para tuberculosis. Besides, a milk replacer is a nutritionally en perfectly balanced product, being a more stable product than cow milk, containing an optimal protein/fat ratio and important vitamins and minerals of which some lack in cow milk.
饲喂代乳粉代替牛奶是一个安全的方法，他可以确保犊牛喝到的奶是没有抗生素和疾病，如肺结核残留的。此外，代乳粉是比牛奶更加营养平衡、稳定的产品，它有更加适宜的蛋白质/脂肪比例，含有很重要的但牛奶中缺乏的矿物质和维生素。
Economic vision 经济愿景
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Last but not least, at the current milk price of around €0,40 per liter (January 2014), it is also economically attractive to feed milk replacers (€2200/ton).
最后，目前每升牛奶的价格至少在0.40欧元（2014年7月），这也是代乳粉的经济吸引力（2200欧元/吨）。
