noun （名词） | word formation | simple noun(简单名词), compound noun(复合名词) derivative noun(派生名词) | |
lexical meaning (词汇意义) | common noun (普通名词) | individual noun(个体名词) | |
collective noun(集体名词) | |||
material noun(物质名词) | |||
abstract noun(抽象名词) | |||
proper noun (专有名词) | 表个人、国家、地方、机构、组织、山川河海等的专有名称，如British Airways(英航公司), the People's Congress(人民代表大会), the Democratic Party, Global Times(环球时报) | ||
grammatical features (语法特征) | count/ countable noun(可数名词) 里约热内卢 英文non-count/ uncountable noun(不可数名词) | ||
个体名词的复数形式(读音及形式) | ||||
o结尾 | 有生命的加es；无生命的加s；oo结尾加s；例外情况，热恋中的男子们(Romeos)是菲律宾人(Filipinos)，他们对鱼雷(torpedoes)的使用持否决（vetoes）态度，喜欢在山谷中大喊欣赏自己的回声（echoes），还喜欢听女高音(sopranos)和女低音(altos)。embryos胚胎） | |||
-fe,-f结尾 | 以-fe,-f结尾分为：多数把-fe,-f变为-v，再加-es；少数直接加-s，如有人说Mary偷偷把两个保险箱(safes)搬到房顶(roofs)，用直升机运走了，但是Mary很委屈很伤心(griefs)，她坐在悬崖边(cliffs)用手帕(handkerchief)拭泪，而且人们坚信(beliefs)她是清白的！ | |||
child---children ox---oxen mou---mice lou(虱子)---lice foot---feet goo---gee tooth---teeth man---men woman---women 与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. | ||||
外来词 | datum（资料，数据） | data | syllabus（教学大纲） | syllabi/syllabus |
medium（媒体） | media | terminus（终点） | termini/terminus | |
bacterium（细菌） | bacteria | antenna（天线） | antennae | |
curriculum（课程） | curricula | formula（配方，公式） | formulae | |
stratum(阶层) | strata | alumnus(男校友) | alumni | |
criterion（标准） | criteria | alumna(女校友) | alumnae | |
phenomenon（现象） | phenomena | vita（个人简历） | vitae | |
nucleus（原子核） | nuclei | hypothesis(假设) | hypothes | |
radius（半径） | radii | parenthesis(括号) | parenthes | |
agendum(现代英语中很少用) | agenda(议程)(通常用作单数) | basis(基础) | bas | |
thesis(论文) | thes | |||
stimulus（刺激） | stimuli | crisis(危机) | cris | |
-s结尾的名词 美联英语价格 | 以-s结尾表示学科、疾病及游戏的名词常作单数，例如acoustics(声学), mathematics, electronic(电子学), physics, statistics(统计学), politics, arthritis(关节炎), measles(麻疹), Darts(投标游戏)等。 但是当学科的名词意义改变时，则用作复数。 The acoustics of the hall are faultless.这厅里的音响效果很完美。 What are your politics?你的政见如何？ Statistics tell part of the story.统计数据说明了部分问题。 | |||
单复同形 | deer，sheep，fish，Chine，Japane, Swiss, li，mu, jin，yuan,jiao, fen(除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式)，barracks(军营）, headquarters(总部，司令部), means, ries, species, works(作品), crossroads(十字路口), aircraft, hovercraft（气垫船）, spacecraft。 | |||
penny(便士)一词有两种复数形式pence和pennies。前者通常与基数词结合构成复合词，如sixpence, tenpence,表示一个钱数；后者是表示若干个一便士的硬币，如 If the price of a reel of cotton is fourpence, you hand over four pennies for it. | ||||
collective noun (集体名词) | (1) 通常作复数的集体名词,谓语动词为复数。 | police, people, cattle, militia(民兵), poultry(家禽), vermin(害虫) |
(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词，谓语动词为单数。 | poetry, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandi, clothing, cutlery(刀具), weaponry(武器总称), foliage(树叶总称), correspondence(信件), luggage, clergy | |
(3) 既可作单数（指其成员）也可作复数（指一个整体）的集体名词。 | 如audience, committee/council(委员会), class(班级)yaofang, couple, crew(全体船员或机组人员), crowd(人群), family, government, group/squad(<军>班)/platoon(军排，军团), herd(兽群或牧群), jury(陪审团), public(公众), team等。 The committee meets once a month. The committee were arguing for an hour before they voted. That group of soldiers is a top-notch fighting unit. That group of soldiers have the best ratings of individual performance. That herd of cows and calves is the healthiest the farm has had in some time. The herd of cows and calves are moving toward the sheds by twos and threes. 此外，主语是由“a committee of/ a panel of/ a (the )board of +复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数 A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter. A panel of distinguished people has been chon to judge this competition. The board of directors is responsible for the management of the firm. | |
material noun (物质名词) （大多物质名词为不可数名词，没有单、复之分） | （1）有些物质名词有复数形式，但意义不同 | sand, sands(大面积沙滩); water, waters(大面积的水域) 国学time, times(时代，次数); arm, arms(武器) cloth, clothes(衣服); air, airs(做作的姿态) green, greens(青菜，绿叶菜) |
（2）既可作物质名词（不可数，因无法分开此物质），又可作个体名词（可数，因作为个体可分开）,两者意义不同。 | rubber: 橡胶；胶鞋(复数) stone：石料；石头 egg：蛋白/蛋渍；鸡蛋 beer: 啤酒；一杯啤酒(two beers) (coffee, lemonade) lamb：upgrade now羔羊肉；羔羊(crab, chicken) onion：洋葱味；洋葱头 paper：纸；论文/试卷/报纸 glass：玻璃；玻璃杯（复数为眼镜） light：光；灯 | |
（3）表种类时为可数 | You have added too much liquid(液体)to the mixture. Water is both a fluid and a liquid.(一种液体) | |
（4）表“各种不同品种”时为可数 | two different metals, various soups, various foods | |
abstract noun (抽象名词) abstract noun (抽象名词) | 有些抽象名词是可数，意义不变。 | victory, conference, difficulty(有复数形式，但不能计数) |
curtain call有些抽象名词有复数形式，但意义不同。 | damage(损坏)--damages(赔偿金) content(内容)--contents(目录) sympathy(同情)--sympathies(慰问) manner(方式) --manners(礼貌) attention(注意)--attentions(殷勤) force(力量)-- forces(军队) curity(安全)-- curities(证券) regard(尊敬)-- regards(问候) | |
有些抽象名词没有复数形式，若要计数，改用与之对应的个体名词。 | laughter--laugh correspondence--letter, note, etc. work--job photography--photo music--song permission--permit fun--joy homework--exerci fiction--novel scenery--scene | |
有些抽象名词既可表抽象概念（不可数），又可表具体事物（可数），两者意义不同。 | experience:经验;经历 life:生命; 生活 relation:关系;亲戚 youth: 青春;男青年 worry:忧愁/烦恼;烦恼事 distraction: 心绪烦乱/心不在焉; 使人心绪烦乱的事/令人分心的事 business: 商业/交易;商店/商行 kindness:善意;善行 curiosity:好奇;珍品/古玩 beauty: 美丽;美人 authority: 权力/权威;权威人士/权威机构 刷赞平台sculpture:雕塑;雕塑品 luxury:奢侈;奢侈品 | |
表种类时为可数 | Science and technology are studied throughout our country.(科学) Driving a car is an art, not a science.(一门科学) The aim of our library rvice is to bring culture to the people.镇江培训网(文化) Margaret Mead was internationally known as an authority on various literate and illiterate cultures.(各种文化) | |
前有修饰语表示“某一种或某一方面”时可加a/an。 | I have a good knowledge of London. I have a great admiration for this furniture. There is a certain honesty about this man, which forces me to admire him. | |
Family, room, mouth, ear等在某些搭配中可表示抽象概念，为不可数名词。 | To have too much family(=too heavy family burden) To have too much winter(=a too long spell of cold weather) To have too much mouth(=to talk too much) To have room for (=to have a need for) To feel the (=to feel the patriotic ) | |
有些表人的名词，在特殊的搭配中表示人的特质等抽象意义时为不可数名词。 | 如fool, man, coquette, politician, sportsman, scholar, poet等。 To be fool enough(=to be foolish enough) More/less of a fool(=more/less foolish) as much of a fool as(=as foolish as); too much of a fool(=too foolish) He was enough of a man to tell the truth(他光明磊落，讲了实话。) | |
proper noun (专有名词) | 专有名词一般没有复数形式，除非自身带有复数词缀，如the United States.(详见7.2.1冠词与专有名词) （1）用作书名、剧名、报纸名、机构名、国名等的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式； Great Expectations(远大前程) was written by Dickens in 1860. The United States was founded in 1776. The New York Times is published daily. （2）用作瀑布、群岛、山脉等名称的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉大瀑布) asr as high as Victoria Falls（维多利亚瀑布）. |
表示某姓一家人或者表示同姓或同名的若干人，如hcap Have you invited the Browns? There are two Miss Smiths/Miss Smith in the class.(指两个同姓的Smith女子) | |
单位词（partitive） （又称单位名词（unit noun）） | 一般表示个数的单位词，常与不可数名词搭配。 | piece, bit, item, article, 它们搭配能力很强，常与不可数名词搭配---- a piece of advice/amour/bacon/bread/cake/chalk/cloth/coal/ evidence/ folly/ furniture/ gum(口香糖)/ice/ information/ jewelry/land/ meat/ music/ news/paper/ rearch/ sugar/ work; a bit of advice/bread/ grass/ news/ trouble/wood. |
表示形状的单位词 | cake, bar, drop, ear, flight, grain, head, loaf, lump, spiral, slice等，与物类的形状有关，搭配受限----a cake of soap, a bar of chocolate, a drop of water, an ear of corn, a flight of stairs, a grain of sand, ten head of cattle/cabbage/lettuce, a bundle of firewood, a loaf of bread, a lump of sugar, a spiral of incen, a slice of meat, a bunch (束，串，捆)of grapes/ a blade(刀口, 刀刃,（机器上旋转的）叶片；桨叶,（船桨的）桨叶，桨身,（草的）叶片) of grass. | |
表示容积的单位词 | bottle, bowl, pail, bucket, glass, cup, handful, spoonful, truckload(美), lorryload（英）等，搭配较强---a bottle f ink, a bowl of rice, a pail of water, a bucket of milk, a glass of beer, a cup of tea, a handful of clay, two spoonfuls of hot water, a truckload of steel, four lorryloads of sand. | |
表示动作状态的单位词 | 如fit(如活动、笑、咳嗽等的)一阵）, peal( (声音大而持续或重复的)洪亮的响声;隆隆声,如钟声,雷声等), flash, display(展示,显示,展览,陈列等),等，通常只限于某些固定搭配： A fit of anger/coughing/laughter/fever A peal of applau/ laughter/ thunder A flash of hope/ light/ lighting A display of courage/ force/ power/ skill/ fireworks | |
表示成双、成组、成群的单位词 | pair, group, flock(畜群, 鸟群), herd(兽群, 牧群), litter(一窝), swarm, bench, troupe(剧团, 艺术团体), pack(一群; 一伙; 一堆,一组；一套；一伙), shoal(鱼群,一大群鱼), school( 群)等，只限于某些固定搭配---a pair of shoes, a flock of birds/chickens, a herd of elephants, a litter of kittens(小猫西班牙与意大利), a swarm of bees/flies/incts, a shoal of fish, a school of whales, a group of people, a bench of judges, a troupe of actors, a gang of hooligans(小流氓, 街头恶棍)/criminals(罪犯), a pack of hounds, a team of players, a fleet of ships, a cluster of hous, a collection(作品集) of paintings/poems, a staff of employees(全体职员; 教职员,大、中、小学的）管理人员，行政人员,辅助机构(或咨询机构等)的工作人员), a crowd of people, a grove (树丛, 小树林)of trees, a suite of rooms, a band(乐队, 乐团,一群, 一伙) of musicians, a library(系列丛书（或磁带等）,（书、激光唱片等的）个人收藏,图书馆) of books, a squadron(中队) of aircraft | |
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