Definition
A literature review（文献综述）is both a summary and explanation of the complete and current state of knowledge on a limited topic as found in academic books （学术著作）and journal articles（期刊论文）. There are two kinds of literature reviews you might write at university: one that students are asked to write as a stand-alone assignment in a cour, often as part of their training in the rearch process in their field, and the other that is written as part of an introduction to, or preparation for, a longer work, usually a thesis or rearch report. The focus and perspective of your review and the kind of hypothesis（假设）or thesis argument you make will be determined by what kind of review you are writing. One way to understand the differences between the two types is to read published literature reviews or the first chapters of thes and disrtations（学位论文）in your own subject area. Analyze the structure of their arguments and note the way they address the issues.
Purpo of the Literature Review
∙It gives readers easy access to rearch on a particular topic by lecting high quality articles or studies that are relevant, meaningful, important and valid（有
效的）and summarizing them into one complete report.
deepl翻译
牛津大学官网∙It provides an excellent starting point for rearchers beginning to do rearch in
a new area by forcing them to summarize, evaluate, and compare original
rearch in that specific area.小语种哪个好学>cry on my shoudler
∙It ensures that rearchers do not duplicate work that has already been done. 你所整理的文章中作者主要观察的重点是什么
∙It can provide clues（线索）as to where future rearch is heading or recommend areas on which to focus. 现在的研究都到了什么程度西安android培训
∙It highlights key findings.
∙It identifies inconsistencies（矛盾）, gaps and contradictions in the literature.
∙It provides a constructive analysis of the methodologies and approaches of other rearchers. 前面研究者的建设性的方法和途径
Content of the Review
Introduction
The introduction explains the focus and establishes the importance of the subject（主题）. It discuss what kind of work has been done on the topic and identifies a ny controversies（争议）within the field or any recent rearch which has raid questions about earlier assumptions（假设）. It may provide background or history. It concludes with a purpo or thesis statement（中心思想）. In a stand-alone literature review, this statement will sum up and evaluate the state of the art （目前的工艺水平）
in this field of rearch; in a review that is an introduction or preparatory to（为~~做准备）a thesis or rearch report, it will suggest how the review findings will lead to the rearch the writer propos to undertake.
Body（论文的内容）
Often divided by headings/subheadings（标题/副标题）, the body summarizes and evaluates the current state of knowledge in the field. It notes major themes or topics, the most important trends, and any findings about which rearchers agree or disagree. If
the review is preliminary to （在~~之前）your own thesis or rearch project, its purpo is to make an argument that will justify your propod rearch. Therefore, it will discuss only that rearch which leads directly to your own project.
Conclusion
The conclusion summarizes all the evidence prented and shows its significance. If the review is an introduction to your own rearch, it highlights gaps and indicates how previous rearch leads to your own rearch project and chon methodology. If the review is a stand-alone assignment for a cour, it should suggest any practical applications of the rearch as well as the implications and possibilities for future rearch.
Nine Steps to Writing a Literature Review（九步法写综述）
1. Find a working topic.
Look at your specific area of study. Think about what interests you, and what fertile ground for study is. Talk to your professor, brainstorm, and read lecture notes and recent
issues of periodicals（期刊）in the field.
ntr什么意思
2. Review the literature.
∙Using keywords arch a computer databa. It is best to u at least two databas relevant to your discipline.
∙Remember that the reference lists of recent articles and reviews can lead to valuable papers.
∙Make certain that you also include any studies contrary to your point of view.
3. Focus your topic narrowly and lect papers accordingly.
Consider the following:
∙What interests you?
∙What interests others?
∙What time span（时间跨度）of rearch will you consider?
Choo an area of rearch that is due for a review.
4. Read the lected articles thoroughly and evaluate them.
∙What assumptions do most/some rearchers em to be making?
∙What methodologies do they u? - What testing procedures, subjects, material tested?
∙Evaluate and synthesize（综合）the rearch findings and conclusions drawn.
∙Note experts（专家）in the field: names/labs that are frequently referenced.alone是什么意思
∙Note conflicting theories, results, and methodologies.
赞美老师的演讲稿∙Watch for popularity of theories and how this has/has not changed over time.
5. Organize the lected papers by looking for patterns and by developing sub-topics. Note things such as:
∙Findings that are common/contested（争论）
∙Two or three important trends in the rearch
∙The most influential theories
6. Develop a working thesis.
Write a one- or two-ntence statement summarizing the conclusion you have reached about the major trends and developments you e in the rearch that has been done on your subject.
7. Organize your own paper bad on the findings from steps 4 & 5.
Develop headings/subheadings. If your literature review is extensive, find a large table surface, and on it place post-it notes（便签纸）or filing cards（档案卡）to organize all your findings into categories. Move them around if you decide that (a) they fit better under different headings, or (b) you need to establish new topic headings.
桃花源记翻译及原文
8. Write the body of the paper
Follow the plan you have developed above, making certain that each ction links logically to the one before and after and that you have divided your ctions by themes or subtopics, not by reporting the work of individual theorists or rearchers.
9. Look at what you have written; focus on analysis, not description.
Look at the topic ntences of each paragraph. If you were to read only the ntences, would you find that your paper prented a clear position, logically developed, from beginning to end? If, for ex
sparkleample, you find that each paragraph begins with a rearcher's name, it might indicate that, instead of evaluating and comparing the rearch literature from an analytical point of view, you have simply described what rearch has been done. This is one of the most common problems with student literature reviews. So if your paper still does not appear to be defined by a central,
