WHAT IS MEAN KINETIC TEMPERATURE?
什么是平均动力学温度？
Mean Kinetic Temperature (MKT) is a simplified way of expressing the overall effect of temperature fluctuations during storage or transit of perishable goods.
平均动力学温度（MKT）一种简单明了的反应温度波动对不耐久货物在储存和输运时的影响。
军训讲话Consider the following example.
参考一下例子：
气体用英语怎么说Example:
例：
A dozen eggs sat:
一打鸡蛋放置在：
In a 20º C room for 2 hours
bustle
20℃的房间放置2小时
In 2º C refrigeration for 4 hours
2℃的冰箱放置4小时
And on a 25º C loading dock for 1 hour
25℃码头放置1小时
Using MKT we can calculate that temperature profile of the eggs was “thermally equivalent” to storing them at 15.7º C for 7 hours.
使用MKT，我们可以计算出上述情况等同于鸡蛋在15.7℃放置7小时
HOW IS MEAN KINETIC TEMPERATURE CALCULATED?
平均动力学温度怎么计算？
T echnically speaking, MKT is an expression of cumulative thermal stress experienced by a product at varying temperatures during storage and distribution. In other words, MKT is a calculated, single t
emperature that is analogous to the effects of temperature variations over a period of time.
严格的来说，平均动力学温度（MKT）是一种产品在温度不断变化的储存或分销过程中的累积热效力表现方式。换句话来说，MKT是用单一温度来近似计算一段时间温度不断变化
的影响。
MKT is not a simple weighted average. The calculation of MKT gives the higher temperatures a greater weight when computing the average than would a simple numerical average or an arithmetic mean. This weighting is determined by a geometric transformation--the natural logarithm of the absolute temperature.
MKT不是简单的计算平均值，MKT计算值一般比简单的数值平均值或算术平均值有更高的加权。这种加权取决于绝对温度自然对数的几何转换。
The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) stability testing guidelines define MKT as “a single derived temperature, which, if maintained over a defined period, would afford the same thermal challenge to a pharmaceutical product as would have been experienced over a range of both higher and lower temperatures for an equivalent defined period”.
在人用药物注册技术要求国际协调会（ICH）稳定性测试指南中，定义MKT为“单一推导温度，如果在特定的时间，和同时经历较高和较低温度的情况相比，该推导温度可以对药品提供相同的热挑战”
By using this unequal weighting of the higher temperatures in a temperature ries, MKT takes into consideration the accelerated rate of thermal degradation of materials at the higher temperatures. Therefore, MKT provides for the non-linear effect of temperature.
在一系列温度中较高温度有着不同的加权，MKT考虑了物料在较高温度下的热下降加速补偿。因此，MKT规定了温度的非线性结果。
MKT is expresd as:
MKT表达式如下：
Where：
其中：
∆H = activation energy (typically from 60 to 100 kJ/mol for solids and liquids)
filter是什么意思∆H=活化能量（通常对于固体和液体来说，从60 kj/mol到100kj/mol）
R = 8.314472 J/mol-K (universal gas constant)
R=8.314472J/mol-K（通用气体常数）
T = temperature in degrees K
英语翻译软件
T=温度（用K为单位）
厦门电脑n = the number of sample periods over which data is collected
n=数据搜集数量
Note : ln is the natural log and ex is the natural log ba.
注意：ln是自然对数e是自然对数的底数
The above equation is valid only when the temperature readings are taken at the same interval. A more general form for the above equation can be expresd as:
illustration上述的公式只是适用于同样的时间间隔，应用更广泛的公式如下：
Where:
其中：
umix
客房服务员英文to are time intervals at each of the sample points
t1至t n为相应温度的时间
When ===, this equation will be reduced to the former equation.
当t1=t2=…=t n时，该公式和就上面的一致了。
WHY IS MKT IMPORTANT IN THE LIFE OF PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERISHABLE GOODS?
为什么MKT对于药品和不耐久的货物来说是十分重要的呢？
The pharmaceutical and food industries are two cloly regulated markets. The FDA provides regulations that require warehou and shipment temperatures to be cloly controlled and monitored. In addition, the FDA requires well-documented verification of
the storage environments and any corrective actions taken if temperatures exceed specified storage conditions.
食品和药品是两种非常接近的管理市场，FDA制定了法规要求对参数和运输温度进行严密监测和控制。另外，FDA要求归档环境温度确认和任何温度超出规定储存温度的纠正措施。The calculation of MKT is regarded by the FDA as an action taken to verify if a particular perishable has exceeded storage conditions.
MKT计算被FDA认为是确认某一不耐久物品超出其储存条件的纠正措施。
In addition to compliance with the FDA regulations, MKT can help Distributors and Manufacturers determine if improper storage or handling of goods, that might have occurred during shipment and/or unloading, has affected the shelf life of the their product. 除了FDA的法规要求外，MKT可以帮助分销商和制造商确定在运输或卸载时错误的储存或处理物品对产品保存期限的影响。
Other considerations:
其他注意事项：
It can assume activation energy of 83.14472 kJ/mol for its calculation. In fact, any value between 60
and 100 kJ/mol, which covers most solids and liquids, will have only a small effect on the final value.
∆H可以选用83.14472 kJ/mol参与计算。事实上，对于固体和液体来说，任何在60至100 kJ/mol都可以，对于结果的影响很小。
Of cour, extreme temperatures even over a very small time period can damage most foods or pharmaceuticals. Per the above example, putting an egg in a 75º C oven for 1/2 hour will bring the MKT to 45.4º C, but the egg will be irreversibly damaged (i.e. cooked). Conquently, there are maximum and minimum temperature limits established by the FDA.
宁波雅思培训保过班
当然，极端的温度在很短的时间内都可以对大部分药品或食品造成损坏，比如在上面的例子中将一个鸡蛋放入75℃箱内0.5小时，MKT计算值为45.4℃，但是显然鸡蛋遭到了不可逆的损坏（比如已经煮熟了）。所以，FDA会建立最大和最小的温度限。
