英美文学名词解释Ｔerms in Engliｓh ａnd AmｅriｃａｎＬiteraturｅ
1． Aｅsｔhetｉcｉｓm/tｈe Aeｓtheticｉsm Ｍoveｍｅnt （唯美主义)
A Euroｐean pｈeｎomeｎｏn ｄｕｒｉnｇthe mｉddlｅoｆ the 1９th centｕry t ｈat haｄ its chief ｈeａｄquarters ｉn Ｆrａnce。Ｔｈｉｓ movement ｗas introｄucｅｄｔo ｌate Victoｒiａn Englａnd mainly Ｗａlter Pater ａs a ｒeactioｎ agaiｎst tｈe maｔerｉaｌism anｄｃommerｃialism of an indusｔria ｌized sｏcietｙ．It wａｓ also a ｒeactioｎ againｓt ｔhe Ｖictorｉaｎcｏn ｖｅnｔion of ａｒt for mｏｒality’s ｓａke， oｒ art fｏr ｍoneｙ’ｓsake．Tｈｅｍaｊｏr ｔenets of this moｖement iｎcluｄe ｔhｅｂelｉef in ｔhe autonomｙof a work of art, tｈe eｍpｈasis ｏｎｃrａft aｎd ａrtistry ——thｅ theory ｏf “art for art’s sakｅ”. Tｈe moｓt ｏuｔstanｄiｎg Vicｔorｉan reprｅsｅnｔativeｓ of thiｓmoｖｅment ｉncｌuded Osｃａr Ｗildｅ.
annually２。 Allegｏry（寓言)
Ａ talｅｉn versｅ oｒ pｒo iｎwhicｈ charaｃters, ａctioｎs, or ｓｅttinｇs rｅpｒesｅnｔ aｂstract ｉdeaｓ or mｏｒal ｑｕalｉtｉes． Aｎ allegory is a sｔｏry wｉtｈ tｗo ｍｅaｎings, a litｅraｌｍｅaniｎg aｎｄ a sｙmｂol ｉc meａｎing．
寓言：用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事.
3.Alliｔeratｉon (头韵）
It ｉs the ｒｅpetｉｔion of the same ｉｎitiaｌｃｏnsｏnant sｏunｄ wｉthin ａｌｉne or a gｒoup of ｗords in pｏetry。 In Old Eｎgｌish ａllｉteraｔivｅ m ｅtｅｒ， allitｅｒａtion is tｈe prｉncipａl orgaｎｉziｎｇ devicｅ of ｔhe ve ｒ lｉne， such as in Ｂeoｗulf.
头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
drop table
4.Allｕsiｏn： A rｅｆｅrｅncｅｔo a pｅrｓon, a pｌａce, ａn ｅvenｔ， or
a literarｙｗｏrk tｈａt ａwｒitｅr expects the reader to recogniｚe and ｒesponｄ to． An allusｉon mａｙ be drawn ｆrom ｈisｔory，ｇｅographｙ, literature, or ｒeligiｏn.ﻫ典故：文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品。典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。
５。 Amerｉｃａn Naｔuralism （美国自然主义）
The Amerｉcan naturaliｓｍ accepｔｅd ｔhｅ mｏre negatｉｖe interｐrｅtatｉo ｎ of Darwin’s eｖolutiｏnａｒy tｈeory aｎd ud it tｏ acｃouｎt fｏr thｅbehavioｒｏf ｔｈo cｈarａcterｓｉｎliｔeｒary woｒｋs who werｅregarded as more or leｓs coｍｐｌex ｃomｂinａtionｓof inheritｅd ａｔtributes， tｈeir habits were conditioｎeｄ bｙｓocial and ｅｃoｎomic force ｓ． Aｍeｒican naｔuralism ｗas evolｖｅd fｒom realism whｅｎ the authｏr’s ｔone ｉn writing ｂecａｍe lesｓ riｏus anｄ less sｙmpathｅtｉc ｂut more ｉroｎic ａnd mｏｒe ｐessiｍisｔｉc。 It was ｎo more than a gloomｙ phｉlｏ
sophicaｌａｐproａｃh to realｉty， or to humaｎｅxisteｎｃｅ． Dreiｓｅr wa ｓ a lｅａding ｆiguｒe of tｈiｓ scｈoｏｌ。
６. Amｅrｉcan Puriｔaniｓm (美国清教主义）
Pｕｒiｔanism iｓthe prａctices ａｎd beｌieｆs oｆｔhe Puriｔａnｓ． Tｈe Aｍeｒｉcan ｐuriｔａns， liｋe their Eｎgｌｉsｈ brotｈｅrs， arｅｉdealist ｓ. Ｔhey accｅptｅd thｅ docｔｒine of preｄｅstination，ｏrigｉnal ｓｉｎ a ｎｄtotal depｒaｖiｔｙ, and limiｔｅd atonement ｔhrougｈ a speｃiaｌ in ｆｕsioｎoｆ graｃｅfoｒm Ｇoｄ。Ｂut due tｏ tｈe ｇrｉm strｕｇgle fo ｒｌｉving ｉｎ thｅｎｅｗ coｎtinｅnｔ, tｈey becｏme ｍｏre and mｏre praｃtｉcal. Amｅrｉcaｎｐｕrｉtaｎisｍis so ｍuｃh ａｐaｒt ｏf ｔhe nａtionａl atmosphｅrｅ rather thａt a ｔ of teｎets.
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美国清教主义：他们相信宿命论、原罪说、全体堕落和有限的赎罪。
archive7。ＡｍericaｎＲealiｓｍ（美国现实主义)
In Aｍｅrｉcan literatｕre， tｈe Ｃivil Ｗar brouｇhｔ the Romantiｃ Peｒiod to aｎend。 The Ａｇe ｏf Ｒeaｌisｍ caｍe intｏ eｘisｔence。Ｇeoｒgｅ Eliot ｉnｔroduce ｒealism into Enｇland， anｄ Wｉｌliam Ｄｅan Hｏｗeｌls iｎｔrｏd ｕceｄ iｔ into ｔhe Ｕｎｉｔed Staｔes。 It caｍe ａs a reａcｔion against t ｈe ｌie oｆｒｏmantｉciｓm aｎｄ ntimentaｌiｓm. Realism tuｒned fｒｏm aｎｅmpｈaｓｉs oｎ the straｎge towａrd a fａitｈfｕl ｒenderｉｎg of the ｏrdina ｒy, a ｓliｃe ｏf liｆe as it is really lｉvｅd。 It ｈas bｅeｎ cｈiｅfｌy ｃoｎcerned with the ｃommonplaces oｆeveryｄａｙ lｉfe aｍong tｈe mｉddle and ｌower ｃｌasｓes, anｄｉt offerｓ an objｅctive raｔhｅr tｈaｎan ide ａlistic view oｆ hｕman natuｒe aｎｄ hｕman experieｎce。 Reａlistic ｌｉｔerature ｆinds the drａma aｎd tｅnsion beｎeaｔh the ｓuｒfacｅｏf ordin ａrｙlife. Latｅr，many writerｓ，ｎoｔaｂｌy Hｅnｒy Jamｅs, tｕrnｅd to ｐｓｙｃｈolｏgiｃａl reａｌism that cｌoly ｅxamiｎed the ｃｏmpｌex wｏｒkｉnｇs of tｈｅｍind。
美国现实主义：在美国文学史上，内战宣告了浪漫主义的终结和现实主义的开始。现实主义反对浪漫主义和感伤主义的谎言，它从一个陌生的世界转向了普通人的真实生活的描写。它所关心的是普通的下层劳动人民而非理想中的人类本性和现实经历.
常用英语口语大全
8。Ａmｅrican Ｒｏｍanticisｍ（美国浪漫主义）
Ｔhe Ｒomantｉc Ｐerｉoｄ cｏｖｅrs ｔｈe fiｒsｔhalf of thｅ１9th cenｔury.
A risiｎg Ａmeｒicａ witｈｉts idｅals oｆ dｅmocracy aｎd eｑuality, the bｏominｇｅcｏｎomy，the fｌoｕriｓhiｎg ｐublicａtiｏns, ａnｄａvariｅt ｙ of foreigｎ inｆluences made its litｅｒary ｅxpansion pｏsｓｉbｌｅａnd ｉｎeviｔaｂle。 Romantics shａrｅd some cｈaraｃtｅriｓtiｃs: ｍｏral enthuｓi ａsm， indivｉdｕaｌｉty aｎd intuitive percｅpｔｉｏn。 Irvｉｎg pｌayed an ｉmpｏrtant role in iｎspiring American ｒｏｍaｎticｉｓm witｈ his ｍaｓtｅr ｐieces Rip Vａn Wiｎｋle anｄThe Lｅｇenｄof Sleeｐy Ｈollow. Ａmericａｎromanｔicism culｍinaｔeｄａｒoｕnd thｅ 1840ｓ， whiｃh can be ｃalｌｅd “Transcendenｔalism or Ameｒican Renaiｓsance”. One of the mａjor fｉgure
英语语法知识in thｉs ｐeｒioｄ was Ｅmerson. His Ｎatｕre haｄ been called “thｅmaｎifｅs ｔo of Americａn Transｃendeｎtalism”．Ｉｎtｈｅ poｅｔｒy ａｓpecｔ， Wh ｉtｍaｎａｎd Ｄｉcｋson were tｗo major Ａｍｅｒicaｎ poｅts in this perio ｄ. Ｉn ｔｈe nｏvel aｓpect, Hａwtｈornｅ and Mｅlviｌle beloｎgeｄto ａｎothｅｒ type of ｒomanticism. Theｙ plaｃed inｃreasing valuｅｏｎｔhｅｆree ｅｘpression oｎ emotiｏn ａnd thｅｐsychiｃ sｔates of their cｈaｒacte ｒs. Tｈe Ｎew Englanｄ
ｐoeｔs，sucｈ as Loｎｇfelloｗａnd Brｙant forｍed a differｅnｔsｃhｏoｌ from Whitmaｎ, Dicｋｓｏｎ, Tｈoreａu and Poe．
9． Anｇry Ｙouｎｇ Men （愤怒的青年）
The Aｎｇry Young Men ｉs a jouｒnalistic catcｈphra ａppliｅｄto a nuｍbe ｒof Bｒｉｔiｓh playwｒightｓ and novelists frｏm tｈe ｍid—1950ｓ. Theｉr workｓ mainly express the ｂitterｎｅsｓ of thｅｌoweｒcｌaｓs towａrds the eｓtablished sociopoliｔｉcａl ｓystem and toｗaｒdｓｔhe ｍediocｒiｔy ａｎｄ hypoｃｒｉsy of the ｍiddle aｎd upper cｌassｅｓ。 Tｈe pｌaywriｇht Ｊohn Osｂｏｒｎｅｗas thｅａrchｅtyｐaｌｅｘamｐlｅ of tｈe anｇｒy young m ｅn ｗiｔh his ｓｉgｎatuｒe play Loｏk BacｋｉｎAnger in 1９5６．
10. Ａｎtagonist （反面人物）:
A peｒｓon oｒｆｏｒcｅoppｏsiｎg ｔｈe protagｏｎist iｎ a narｒatiｖｅ；
a rival of the ｈero oｒ heroine．
反面人物：一个故事中和主人公相对立的人物或一种力量，是男女主人公的对手.
11．American Ｔranｓcｅndｅnｔａlｉsm （美国超验主义）提高口语表达能力
Amｅrican Tｒanｓceｎdentalisｍ is more than ａn attitudｅｏf transcendentalis ｔｓ. Ｔo “ｔrａnｓｃｅｎd" somethinｇ is to riｓe abｏｖe iｔ， to pass bey ｏnd its liｍiｔs. Ｔhe trａnscｅnｄenｔａｌiｓｔs ｓpｅak for cuｌｔural rejuve ｎation ａnd agaｉｎｓt ｔhe ｍaｔerｉａlism ｏｆ Aｍerｉｃan society．The maｊor feａtures ｏf Ａmerican Tｒaｎｓｃｅndeｎtalism ａre: １。 Transcｅndentalists plａｃe emphａsis ｏn spiｒit, or the Ｏversoul, as tｈe most ｉｍpoｒｔaｎt thiｎg iｎｔhe Unｉver。 2. They ｓtress ｔhe importanｃe oｆ the iｎdividual。 Tｏthｅm，the indivｉdｕａl was the ｍoｓt importaｎt elｅm ｅｎt of ｓociｅty. 3。Ｔheｙ offer ａｆresh perceptioｎｏf naｔure ａs ｓymｂolic oｆｔhe Spirit or Goｄ．Ｎatuｒe was，ｔｏ tｈｅm, alive, fiｌled wi ｔｈ God’s oｖerwｈelmiｎg ｐreｓｅnce．
12.Ａphorｉsm (警句)
A cｏｎｃiｓe, pointed sｔａtemｅnt expressiｎg ａｗi or clever ｏbrva ｔion ａboｕt life．ﻫ警句：蕴含关于人生真理的明智的看法的精练的语句.
13.Asiｄe （旁白)ﻫIn dｒama， lines ｓｐokeｎby a chａracter in an underton ｅor diｒｅctlｙto the aｕｄieｎce and。Aｎａside is ｓuppoｓedｌy not heard by ｏｔｈeｒ aｃtorｓｏｎ stagｅ。
１4. Aｓsonanｃe （类韵）
Ｔhe ｒepｅtiｔiｏn ｏf sｉmｉｌar voweｌsoｕndｓ, ｅspｅciallｙｉn poetry．Ａssｏnancｅ is oftｅn emｐｌoyed ｔo ｐｌｅａ ｔhe ear oｒ empｈａsizｅ certain ｓounds.
类韵：在诗歌中相同或相似元音的重复，它的目的主要是用来使句子悦耳动听或用来强调某个音。
15。 Autobioｇraphy (自传）
Ｔhe ｌiterａry foｒｍｏf autoｂiography ｉs a ｐerson's accｏｕnt of ｈiｓｏr ｈｅr own liｆe． An aｕtobiography ｉｓ gｅneraｌlｙｗriｔten ｉn narr ａtiｖe fｏｒm and inｃｌudeｓｓome introspｅctｉｏｎ， suｃh as The Auｔobi ｏgrａphy written by Ｂenjaｍiｎ Fraｎklin.ﻫ自传：一个人对他或她自己生活的描述，自传是一种叙述性的文体，多包含回忆性的描写。
16. Baｌlad (民谣)
ﻩIt is a ｒｅlaｔively ｓhorｔ narrative poem， written tｏ bｅ sung, ｗｉth a simple ａnd dramatiｃ actiｏn. Ｔｈe baｌlaｄｓ tell of loｖｅ, dｅａｔh， the supeｒnａtural， or ａ combｉｎａtｉｏn of thｅ。 Two chaｒacｔｅristiｃs o ｆtｈｅ baｌlad are incrｅmental rｅpｅtiｔiｏn anｄtｈe ballad stanza。Incremental repｅtitiｏn reｐeatｓ onｅ or ｍoｒｅｌineｓｗith sｍａll but si ｇnifｉｃanｔ vａriａｔionｓ thaｔａdvaｎcｅｔhe aｃtｉon。 The ballａd ｓtanza has ｆｏur lｉnｅ；commonly,
ｔhｅｆｉｒst and thｉrd lｉneｓｃonｔａin ｆｏur feet or acceｎtｓ, the cond and fｏｕrtｈｌines contａｉn thre ｅ feｅｔ．Bａｌlaｄｏfteｎopeｎａｂｒupｔlｙ，ｐresｅnt bｒiｅｆ desｃriptions and u ｃｏnci dｉａlｏgues.
Ｔhｅｆolk ｂalｌａd is uｓually ａnonymous and ｔhe ｐrｅｓeｎtａtｉon is ｉmｐeｒｓoｎal. Tｈｅｌiｔerarｙbａｌlaｄｄeｌibeｒａｔeｌy imitaｔeｓ tｈe form aｎd sｐiｒit of a ｆolk ballad。 Thｅ Romaｎtiｃ pｏets ｗｅｒｅａt ｔraｃtｅd to tｈiｓｆｏrm，ａs Ｌoｎgfelｌoｗwith Thｅ Wrｅck ｏｆthe Hespｅｒｕs，Coｌｅridgｅｗｉth Tｈe Riｍe ｏｆｔhe Aｎcｉent Maｒinｅ， wh ｉch is longer and ｍoｒe elaborate ｔhan tｈｅ fｏlk ballad。
ﻫ１７. Bａｌlad Ｓtanza (民谣诗节）ﻫ A typｅ of four-lｉne stanｚａ, t ｈe first ａｎｄ the tｈird lines hａve fouｒ stresｓed wｏｒdｓ or syｌlables; ｔｈｅ ｃoｎd and fouｒth lines ｈaｖe threｅ strｅsｓes.
1８. Ｂeat Geｎeration （垮掉的一代)
Thｅ BeaｔＧeｎerａtｉon ｒefers tｏａｌｏoｓely—ｋnit ｇroｕp ｏf poｅts and nｏveliｓｔs，wｒｉtinｇｉn tｈe ｓecoｎd ｈａlｆof thee １９５0s and ｅarly 1９60s．They ｓhａred a sｅt of sociａｌａｔｔｉtuｄｅｓ－- antｉ－estａbｌisｈment, anｔi—pｏlｉtical，ａnti－inｔeｌlectual, o
ppo tｏ thｅｐｒeｖaｉlinｇ cultural，ｌｉterary, and ｍｏｒal valuｅs，anｄ were iｎfavor of unfettered ｌf－realizaｔioｎaｎｄｌf－exprｅssion．Reｐｒentatives ｏｆ the grouｐｗeｒe AllｅｎＧinsｂerｇ wiｔh his long ｐｏem Howl and Ｊaｃｋ Keroｕac with his Ｏn the Ｒｏaｄ．
19。Ｂildungsrｏman （成长小说)
为什么学日语Bilｄｕngsroｍaｎ dｅfiｎes a genｒe ｏｆthe noveｌ wｈiｃh foｃus ｏｎt ｈe ｐsychoｌoｇicａｌaｎｄ moral grｏwｔh of the protagonisｔfｒom youｔh to ａdultｈoｏd，ａｎd in ｗｈich characters’ｃｈａｎｇe is ｔｈus eｘｔre ｍｅlｙ iｍpoｒtant。Ｉn a Ｂｉｌdunｇsroman, tｈe gｏａl is matuｒiｔｙ． Char ｌes Dickens' David Cｏppeｒfielｄ is ａ classicａl Ｂildｕｎgsroman.
20.Bｉｏｇｒaphy (传记)
西奥多罗斯福A dｅｔaileｄ accoｕｎｔof a pｅrson‘ｓｌｉfｅwritten ｂy another ｐer ｓon。ﻫ传记：由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。ﻫ
２1. Ｂlack coｍedy/Blaｃｋｈumor （黑色幽默）
It ｉs moｓtlｙemｐｌｏyed ｔo dｅsｃrｉbｅ baleｆｕl， naｉvｅ, or ineｐt ch ａraｃteｒs in a ｆanｔasｔｉc oｒ nightｍaｒisｈmｏdｅｒｎ world plａyinｇouｔｔheｉr ｒolｅs iｎwhaｔIonesc
o ｃalled ａ“ｔragic farcｅ”，i ｎ whｉｃh tｈe evets arｅ ofteｎ simuｌtaｎeｏuｓly comic, ｈoｒrifｙing，and absurd. Joｓeph Hｅller’s Catch-22 can be takeｎａs ａn exampｌｅ of ｔhe emplｏｙｍenｔｏf this ｔeｃhnｉｑue.
22. Bｌack Ｍoｕｎtaｉn Pｏｅts （黑山派诗人)
Ｉｔｉs sometimeｓ called ｐrｏjective poets（投射诗人）, a grouｐｏf tｈｅmid－20th ceｎtury Amｅricaｎ aｖant-garｄe oｒ poｓtｍodern poets ｃentｅring ｏn Bｌack Ｍｏuntａin Ｃｏｌｌeｇe。 In thｅｅｓsay Pｒojeｃtiｖe Ｖｅr， Ch ａrｌｅs Olｓｏn calls “foｒ poｅtry of ｏｐeｎfiｅlｄ” comｐosｉtion to replace traditｉonal clｏsｅｄpoｅtic forｍs with an improviｓed ｆorm thａt shoｕｌd rｅflｅct exactly tｈｅｃｏｎｔeｎt of tｈe pｏｅm． This esｓaｙｂecamｅｔhe maｎｉfesｔo for ｔhe Bｌａck Ｍountain Poeｔs.
23。Ｂｌａnk Versｅ（无韵体诗)
Versｅｗriｔｔen in unｒhymed iaｍbｉc pentametｅr。It is the ｖｅrsｅform usｅd in some of ｔhe ｇreａtest Enｇｌish poetrｉes， incluｄｉng ｔｈat ｏｆ Wiｌlｉａm Shakespeａre ａnｄJｏｈｎＭiｌton.ﻫ素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。
alter table24． Bｙroｎｉc herｏ（拜伦式英雄)
Bｙrｏnic ｈｅｒｏ reｆerｓｔo a pｒoud, ｍyｓterious ｒeｂel figｕre oｆnoｂle origin. Wｉｔh immｅｎｓｅ suｐeｒiｏrｉｔy iｎhiｓ pasｓioｎs ａnd ｐowers， he would ｃarｒy on hiｓ shouldｅｒs the buｒｄeｎｏf riｇhｔｉnｇ a ｌl the ｗｒoｎgｓｉn ａ coｒｒuｐt socieｔy, anｄｗould ri sｉngle—ｈａndedly agａinsｔａnｙkiｎd oｆ tyrａnniｃaｌｒules ｅiｔher in governｍent，ｉn reｌigion, oｒin ｍorａｌprincipleｓwith uncoｎｑueraｂle wilｌs a ｎd inｅxhauｓtｉble ｅｎｅｒｇies。
2５。 Calvinｉsm (加尔文主义）
