SCI论⽂中的时态,你真的⽤对了么?SCI论⽂中的时态,你真的⽤对了么?
原创2017-04-01机智的怪阿姨⼩张聊科研
英汉互译翻译器⼩张聊科研
微信号 xzlky2015
功能介绍聊聊跟科研有关的感想⼼得,如基⾦,⽂章和实验。
撰写⼀篇SCI论⽂,最重要的是体现作者研究成果的价值,对科学进步作出的贡献,⽽最磨⼈的没有其它,就是细节,细节,细节!如果⼀篇论⽂中通篇都是“broken English”,搞不好审稿⼈会怀疑你的受教育程度。为了避免论⽂在映⼊审稿⼈眼帘的第⼀刻就被默默画上红叉叉,怪阿姨打算帮⼤家磨⼀磨那些写作时最confusing的细节。
今天就先谈谈时态。
相⽐于传说中的英⽂16种时态,SCI其实⽤到的最主要就是其中的2种(⼀般现在时和⼀般过去时),已经算是很⼤程度的简化了,把各种情况梳理⼀遍,写作时应该就不会觉得混乱了。
⾸先,咱们来复习⼀下这两种时态所适⽤的情况,不管写什么⽂章,时态的运⽤肯定都符合英语语法的基本原理。
⼀般现在时:
主要⽤于描述不受时间限制的客观存在事实或真理,简单地说,写作当时你觉得是正确的或正在发⽣的内容,都可以⽤⼀般现在时。⽐如,客观陈述他⼈已经发表的研究成果作为佐证时,普遍都⽤⼀般现在时。基于此,“Introduction”中的⽂献回顾和 “Discussion”中的⼤部分,都可⽤⼀般现在时描述。
2013年12月四级答案⼀般过去时:
⽤于描述发⽣于论⽂写作之前的事情,包括作者⾃⼰所做的⼯作。⽐如,论⽂中 “Materialand Methods” 和 “Results” 的⼤部分,这些在论⽂动笔前肯定都已经做完,整理完了,所以⽤过去时,不难理解。
sacrificesp.s. ⼀般现在时和⼀般过去时是写作中最常⽤到的两个时态,但在实际写作中,当然还会运⽤到其它⼀些时态,⽐如将来时,现在完成时,甚⾄过去时,以适应丰富的⽂章内容,下⾯会给⼤家详细讲解。
接下来,咱们结合SCI⽂章内容,看看具体论⽂中时态应该如何使⽤。⼀般的Original Article 通常包括
Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion 这⼏个部分,每个部分⼤概有什么内容⼤家应该都有了解吧?其它类型的⽂章也都可以根据这种类型举⼀反三,那我就直接以Original Article为例讲时态运⽤了哈。
摘要(Abstract):
⼀般情况下,研究背景,实验⽬的,论⽂结论,采⽤⼀般现在时。实验⽅法,结果及发现,采⽤过去时。举⼏个栗⼦:
研究背景:A method to lect non-responders as early as possible is esntial for preventing unnecessary toxicity.
实验⽅法:Human breast cancer cells were injected into nude rats.
实验结果:A new in vivo breast cancer model was successfully established.
论⽂结论:The prent study suggests that ...
当然,有些杂志也会专门有些⽐较“特别”的要求,⽐如Cell,要求Abstract全部使⽤⼀般现在时。⼤家可以⾃⾏体会下:
Here we prent a unifying hypothesis about how mesnger RNAs, transcribed pudogenes, and long non-coding RNAs “talk” to each other using microRNA respon elements (MREs) as letters of a new language. We propo that this “competing endogenous RNA” (ceRNA) activity forms a large-scale regulatory network across the transcriptome, greatly expanding the functional genetic information in the human genome and playing important roles in pathological conditions, such as cancer.
前⾔(Introduction):
scada
这部分⽤到的时态很多变,不能⼀概⽽论。
研究背景描述的如果是经典原理,事实,或⽬前为⽌最前沿的结果,作者写论⽂时仍认为是正确的(即使是曾经发⽣的),⽤⼀般现在时。
⽐如:CircRNAs are recently identified as a naturally occurring family of noncoding RNAs that is highly reprented in the eukaryotic transcriptome.
描述已经完成的事,强调 “曾经”,⽬前为⽌对此持肯定态度,⽤现在完成时。
⽐如:A large number of circRNAs have been successfully identified in various cell lines and across
different species.
曾经的研究,其结果现在为⽌仍然正确,则⼀句话中可以既有完成时,也有⼀般现在时。
⽐如:Recent studies have shown that exon circularization is facilitated by complementary quences and regulated by specific protein factors.
以作者为主语,阐述曾经的研究结果,如果该研究结果仍然正确,则谓语动词⽤过去时,从句中仍使⽤⼀般现在时。
⽐如:Polino et al. recently propod that the high quence homology enables pudogenes to compete with their parental genes for a shared pool of common miRNAs.
曾经的研究,但已经过时或失效,作者怀疑其正确性,或要否定其正确性时,⽤过去时或过去完成时。
⽐如:Nevertheless, the species had generally been considered to be of low abundance and likely reprenting errors in splicing.
LincRNA-p21 was initially identified as a direct transcriptional target of p53.
材料与⽅法(Materials and methods):
描述写论⽂之前作者所做的⼯作,⽤⼀般过去时。
⽐如:The proliferation of Huh-7, HCT-116, HeLa cells was tested by CCK-8 kit.
这部分⼀般时态变化⽐较少,没什么争议。
结果(Results):
描述⾃⼰的研究结果,因其发⽣于写作之前,⽤过去时。
⽐如:In total, 67,358 distinct circRNA candidates were found in the tissues and 27,296 of the circRNAs contained at least two unique back-spliced reads.
但是,单纯描述结果呈现形式(图或表),或直接⽤图或表作为主语时,因为是写作当时发⽣的事,所以使⽤⼀般现在时。
⽐如:A detailed summary for each sample is provided in Supplementary Table 1.
Figure 1 shows the mean spectra for the original data.
dispensable讨论:
对此次研究结果的总结,⽤过去时。
all out⽐如:In this study, we identified lincRNA-p21 as a key regulator
中国家电下乡网of cell proliferation and apoptosis.
对Results部分的结果描述进⾏更深⼊的分析和讨论,阐述结果的意义,⽤⼀般现在时。
⽐如:However, certain circRNAs are predominately expresd in one gene locus and prent at substantial levels that suggest the species are purpofully produced.
结论:
考研时间安排强调过去的研究成果采⽤过去时,表达将来的研究⽅向或研究前景⽤将来时。
⽐如,In conclusion, our study provided a portrayal of circRNAs in different human normal and cancerous tissues.
阐述⾃⼰研究成果的意义⽤⼀般现在时。
⽐如,Taken together, the lines of evidence reveal a new level of diversity in the transcriptome and their regulation in human cells.
提出研究前景或将来的研究⽅向⽤将来时,这部分也可能出现在Discussion中。
⽐如,It will be interesting to explore whether lincRNA-p21 can interact with epigenetic factors
小学数学课堂教学的有效性参考⽂献
1. Thomson, D.W. and M.E. Dinger, Endogenous microRNA sponges: evidence and controversy. Nat Rev Genet, 2016. 17(5): p. 272-83.
2. Wu, G., et al., LincRNA-p21 regulates neointima formation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, apoptosis, and atherosclerosis by enhancing p53 activity. Circulation, 2014. 130(17): p. 1452-65.
3. Karreth, F.A., et al., The BRAF pudogene functions as a competitive endogenous RNA and induces lymphoma in vivo. Cell, 2015. 161(2): p. 319-32.
4. Zheng, Q., et al., Circular RNA profiling reveals an abundant circHIPK3 that regulates cell growth by sponging multiple miRNAs. Nat Commun, 2016. 7: p. 1121
5.
5. Salmena, L., et al., A ceRNA hypothesis: the Rotta Stone of a hidden RNA language? Cell, 2011. 146(3): p. 353-8.
跟⼤家啰嗦了这么多,其实也不能把英⽂写作中的所有情况的时态运⽤都讲清楚,有些情况下还是要靠⾃⼰的语感,实在不⾏,找点⽂章对照着看看别⼈⽤的啥时态吧~埃菲尔铁塔英文简介
时态就说到这⾥啦,⼤家在英⽂论⽂写作中还有哪些问题总是绕不清楚,容易混淆,困惑不已的,在留⾔区⼤声说粗来吧,怪阿姨会挑选⼀些给⼤家详细讲解哦~
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