托福阅读TPO31(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:SpeciationinGeographicallyIsolatedPop
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平民天后电影托福阅读原文
【1】Evolutionary biologists believe that speciation, the formation of a new species, often begins when some kind of physical barrier aris and divides a population of a single species into parate subpopulations. Physical paration between subpopulations promotes the formation of new species becau once the members of one subpopulation can no longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchange variant genes that ari in one of the subpopulations. In the abnces of gene flow between the subpopulations, genetic differences between the groups begin to accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinct that they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them were removed. At this point the subpopulations have evolve
d into distinct species. This route to speciation is known as allopatry (“alio-” means “different”，and “patria” means “homeland”).
【2】Allopatric speciation may be the main speciation route. This should not be surprising, since allopatry is pretty common. In general, the subpopulations of most species are parated from each other by some measurable distance. So even under normal situations the gene flow among the subpopulations is more of an intermittent trickle than a steady stream. In addition, barriers can rapidly ari and shut off the trickle. For example, in the 1800s a monstrous earthquake changed the cour of the Mississippi River, a large river flowing in the central part of the United States of America. The change parated populations of incts now living along opposite shore, completely cutting off gene flow between them.
【3】Geographic isolation also can proceed slowly, over great spans of time. We find evidence of such extended events in the fossil record, which affords glimps into the breakup of formerly continuous environments. For example, during past ice ages, glacier
2012上海高考语文s advanced down through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from one another. When the glacier retreated, the parated populations of plants and animals came into contact again. Some groups that had descended from the same parent population were no longer reproductively compatible—they had evolved into parate species. In other groups, however, genetic divergences had not proceeded so far, and the descendants could still interbreed—for them, reproductive isolation was not completed, and so speciation had not occurred.
【4】Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the imperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic plates that make up Earth’s surface. About 5 million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South America that we call the Isthmus of Panama. The formation of the isthmus had important conquences for global patterns of ocean water flow. While previously the gap between the continents had allowed a free flow of water, now the isthmus prented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean. This division t the stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fishes and other marine species.
美国德州大学【5】In the 1980s, John Graves studied two populations of cloly related fishes, one population from the Atlantic side of isthmus, the other from the Pacific side. He compared four enzymes found in the muscles of each population. Graves found that all four Pacific enzymes function better at lower temperatures than the four Atlantic versions of the same enzymes. This is significant becau Pacific awater is typically 2 to 3 degrees cooler than awater on the Atlantic side of isthmus. Analysis by gel electrophoresis revealed slight differences in amino acid quence of the enzymes of two of the four pairs. This is significant becau the amino acid quence of an enzyme is determined by genes.
【6】Graves drew two conclusions from the obrvations. First, at least some of the obrved differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaption. Second, it appears that cloly related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other. Becau Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimp of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, divergences here might be eviden
ce of allopatric speciation in process.
托福阅读试题
1.The word "promotes" in the passage is clost in meaning to
A.describes.
B.encourages.
中文专业考研方向C.delays.
D.requires.
2.According to paragraph 1, allopatric speciation involves which of the following?
A.The division of a population into subspecies.
如何查成绩B.The reuniting of parated populations after they have become distinct species.
cooxC.The movement of a population to a new homeland.
D.The abnce of gene flow between subpopulations.
美国派43.Why does the author provide the information that "the subpopulations of most species are parated from each other by some measurable distance"?
A.To indicate how scientists are able to determine whether subpopulations of a species are allopatric.
2016年4月2.To define what it means for a group of animals or plants to be a subpopulation.
C.To suggest that allopatric speciation is not the only route to subpopulation.
D.To help explain why allopatric speciation is a common way for new species to come about.
sptd4.The word "accumulate" in the passage is clost in meaning to
A.Become more significant.
