Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem and lf-actualization.
Deficiency needs vs. growth needs
This five-stage model can be divided into deficiency needs and growth needs. The first four levels are often referred to as deficiency needs (D-needs), and the top level is known as growth or being needs (B-needs).
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Deficiency needs ari due to deprivation and are said to motivate people when they are unmet. Also, the motivation to fulfill such needs will become stronger the longer the duration they are denied. For example, the longer a person goes without food, the more hungry they will become.
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Maslow (1943) initially stated that individuals must satisfy lower level deficit needs before progressing on to meet higher level growth needs. However, he later clarified that satisfaction of a needs is not an “all-or-none” phenomenon, admitting that his earlier statements may have given “the fal impression that a need must be satisfied 100 percent before the next need emerges” (1987, p. 69).
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When a deficit need has been 'more or less' satisfied it will go away, and our activities become habitually directed towards meeting the next t of needs that we have yet to satisfy. The then become our salient needs. However, growth needs continue to be felt and may even become stronger once they have been engaged.
Growth needs do not stem from a lack of something, but rather from a desire to grow as a person. Once the growth needs have been reasonably satisfied, one may be able to reach the highest level called lf-actualization.
千分考Every person is capable and has the desire to move up the hierarchy toward a level of lf-actualization. Unfortunately, progress is often disrupted by a failure to meet lower level needs. Life experiences, including divorce and loss of a job, may cau an individual to fluctuate between levels of the hierarchy.
Therefore, not everyone will move through the hierarchy in a uni-directional manner but may move back and forth between the different types of needs.
The original hierarchy of needs five-stage model includes:
Maslow (1943, 1954) stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs and that some needs take precedence over others. Our most basic need is for physical survival, and this will be the first thing that motivates our behavior. Once that level is fulfilled the next level up is what motivates us, and so on.
1. Physiological needs - the are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, x, sleep.
If the needs are not satisfied the human body cannot function optimally. Maslow considered physiological needs the most important as all the other needs become condary until the needs are met.
2. 鸭脖培训Safety needs - protection from elements, curity, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.
3. Love and belongingness needs - after physiological and safety needs have been fulfilled, the third level of human needs is social and involves feelings of belongingness. The need for interpersonal relationships motivates behavior
Examples include friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).
4. Esteem needs - which Maslow classified into two categories: (i) esteem for onelf (di
gnity, achievement, mastery, independence) and (ii) the desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige).
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Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for children and adolescents and precedes real lf-esteem or dignity.
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5. Self-actualization needs - realizing personal potential, lf-fulfillment, eking personal growth and peak experiences. A desire “to become everything one is capable of becoming”(Maslow, 1987, p. 64).
chine农村reeMaslow posited that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy:
"It is quite true that man lives by bread alone — when there is no bread. But what happens to man’s desires when there is plenty of bread and when his belly is chronically filled?佐罗 西班牙
