第一章essay题型分类
一、资源配置与经济体系
✓the functions of enterpri. 4
nut是什么意思the organisation function
risk taking
✓how enterpri responds to an increa in demand and the conquent ri in
production and taking the risk of production (4 marks maximum) ✓shows how, motivated by profit, entrepreneurs allocate resources in respon to
✓How resources are allocated in a free market economy.
• Resources are allocated through the price mechanism (1 mark)again是什么意思译
• Elaboration in terms of features such as supply and demand, consumer
sovereignty, enterpri and the profit motive (Up to 3 marks).
✓how resources are allocated in a mixed economy.
• Resources are allocated through the price mechanism and the government (1
江陵端午祭mark)
• Elaboration in terms of the provision of public and merit goods, intervention in
hamburger
✓explains how resources are allocated in centrally –planned economies including the strengths and weakness of this system. (Up to 4 marks)
✓explains how resources are allocated in free market economies including the strengths and weakness of this system. (Up to 4 marks)
✓For Evaluation:
That exercis some judgement in considering which type of economy would have
more benefit. This must make u of the analysis that is offered. There must be a
stand up✓analysis of the advantages and disadvantages that ari when resources are allocated through central planning. (Up to 4 marks)
✓Analysis of advantages and disadvantages that ari when resources are allocated through the free market. (Up to 4 marks)
✓For evaluation of the strengths and weakness of the two systems (Up to 3 marks)
✓Conclusion on which system is most effective. (1 mark)
✓advantages and disadvantages that ari when resources are allocated through central planning. (Up to 4 marks)
四伏
✓advantages and disadvantages that ari when resources are allocated through the free market. (Up to 4 marks)
✓For evaluation of the strengths and weakness of the two systems (Up to 3 marks) Conclusion on which system is most effective. (1 mark)
✓
• Inflation
• Output
• Employment/Unemploymentthe asphalt jungle
• Industrial unrest
• International trade
• Welfare
• Specialid support markets and rvices
Allow up to 4 marks for each issue analyd
(AN: up to 8 marks)✓Evaluation:
For exercising some judgement on the extent to which the issues of transition will make
a change from a planned economy to a mixed economy extremely difficult for a country
to achieve
Up to 3 marks plus 1 mark for a conclusion.
二、生产可能性曲线
marks)
✓using the production possibility curve to explain
• scarcity (up to 2 marks)
• choice (up to 2 marks)
• and opportunity cost (up to 2 marks)
✓ a movement along a PPC:
• For an accurately labelled diagram (1 mark) that shows a movement along a PPC curve reprenting a change in the composition of output (1 mark).
• And explaining that this might be caud by government direction in a centrally planned economy or through the operation of market forces in a free market economy.
(Up to 2 marks)
✓ a shift in a PPC
• For an accurately labelled diagram that shows a shift in a PPC curve (1 mark) and that this means that more (or less) of both goods can be produced (1 mark) (Up to 2 marks)• And explaining that this could be caud by a change in the quantity and/or quality of resources or a change in technology. (Up to 2 marks)
✓Explanation of opportunity (1 mark)
✓Explanation of production possibility curve (1 mark)
✓Explanation of the distinction between constant and increasing opportunity costs:• constant opportunity costs involves a movement from one point on the PPC to another with an equal sacrifice
of resources; this will be shown by a straight line PPC 3
• increasing opportunity costs involves a movement from one point on the PPC to another where ever increasing amounts of one good will need to be sacrificed to produce more of the other; this will be shown by a curved PPC 3
✓illustrated with a correctly labelled diagram with a concave PPC (Up to 2 marks)✓For an explanation of the choice and opportunity cost facing governments in deciding which goods and rvices to produce in their economy (Up to 2 marks)✓recognising that the opportunity cost increas as resources shift from the production of one type of good to another (1 mark)
✓Explanation of why costs increa as the combination of goods produced changes with due reference to the suitability of resources. (Up to 3 marks)
✓For knowledge and understanding of the factor capital.
Capital refers to the factor of production that includes all the human-made aids to production, e.g. tools, equipment, plant, machinery and factories. Capital is a factor of production that can be ud in the production process. It can be combined with the other factors of production to produce goods and rvices which can be sold in the market.
✓For application showing how capital is rewarded in a modern economy through interest payments. (APP: up to 4 marks)
pinnacle
✓ A production possibility curve shows the different combinations of products that can be produced if an economy is working at full capacity. Over a period of time, it is possible for there to be economic growth resulting from the availability of more resources and/or the more productive u of existing resources. Decisions in relation to the quantity and the quality of resources in a mixed economy can be taken by either the public ctor, i.e.
the government, or the private ctor, i.e. firms.
✓Decisions taken by entrepreneurs could contribute to the outward shift of an economy’s production
possibility curve. (Up to 4 marks)
✓An outward shift of the production possibility curve of a mixed economy could take place as a result of investment decisions taken by a government.
(Up to 4 marks)
✓For evaluative comment on whether enterpri is crucial to the outward shift of a mixed economy’s production possibility curve. (EV: up to 4 marks, rerve 1 mark for a conclusion)
✓Using an accurately labelled PPC showing movement from a point on the curve to a point within the curve (2 marks) to explain that this reprents a ri in unemployment (2 marks).
✓Using an accurately labelled PPC showing a shift outward of the curve (2 marks) to explain that this reprents a ri in the working population (2 marks).
✓For an accurate ppc diagram with increasing opportunity costs showing military goods on one axis and some other appropriate category of goods on the other. E.g. merit goods (Up to 2 marks)
✓For illustration showing that a movement along the ppc (1 mark) means an opportunity cost in terms of the next best alternative forgone. (1 mark)
✓For a clear explanation that the ‘increasing opportunity costs’ means that the opportunity cost is rising as resources are re-allocated to the production of more military goods. (Up to 2 marks)
✓For a clear explanation of why opportunity costs will ri as resources are reallocated to
✓For a production possibility curve accurately drawn with appropriate axes (1 mark) and displaying increasing opportunity costs (1 mark) (up to 2 marks)
✓why increasing opportunity costs ari as a movement along the opportunity cost curve
takes place. (up to 2 marks)
✓ how production possibility curves can be ud to illustrate scarcity with due reference to
michael phelpschoice and opportunity cost and that points outside the curve are unattainable. (up to 4 marks)
✓ For explanation of the ‘economic problem’ in terms of unlimited wants and scarce
resources. (up to 2 marks)
✓ the impact of an increa in the labour supply on the capacity of an economy to produce
goods and rvices. 3
✓ the impact of a high rate of technological innovation on the capacity of an economy to
produce goods and rvices. 3
✓ For evaluative comment on whether the economic problem can be solved. (up to 4 marks)
三、商品分类
✓ information failure (1 mark) and this leads to under-consumption and overconsumption
of some goods in the market (1 mark)
✓ Explaining why merit goods are
under-consumed (2 marks) and with an appropriate
example (1 mark).
✓ Explaining why demerit goods are over-consumed (2 marks) and with an appropriate
✓ Knowledge and understanding of merit goods as an example of a product that is under-come clean
consumed as a result of information failure. 2
✓ Knowledge and understanding of demerit goods as an example of a product that is over-
consumed as a result of information failure. 2
✓ how merit goods and demerit goods are examples of a private good.
Application to examples of merit goods, such as education and health care. 2
