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文献信息：
文献标题：Farm Tourism: A Preliminary Study of Participants’Expectations and Perceptions of Farm Tours（农业旅游：一项关于参与者对农业旅游的预期和看法的研究）
国外作者：L. Coomber, C. Lim
文献出处：International Environmental Modellingand Software Society,2004 字数统计：英文2434单词，13262字符；中文4258汉字
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17again外文文献：
Farm Tourism: A Preliminary Study of Participants’
Expectations and Perceptions of Farm Tours Abstract Tourism is a major redistributor of resources within the domestic ctor with substantial multiplier effects. The majority of tourism business in Australia are small and medium enterpris (SMEs). As tourism is a labour-intensive industry, the promotion of tourism SMEs blends well with models of community and regional development, as small firms provide the underpinning for local entrepreneurship and job generation. Farm tourism encompass a t of economic activities with a tremendous potential for future domestic earnings and
regional development, drawing on rvices provided by local governments and regional communities. The paper analys whether there are significant differences between the expectations and perceptions of participants of a guided tour in an organic farm. The results of the rearch may be uful in developing an interpretive and tour management model which will help to sustain rural communities in farm environments through tourism, and engage the support of local and regional government.
Keywords:Farm tourism; rvicescape; expectations; perceptions; interpretation
INTRODUCTION
Pigram and Jenkins [1994] argue that the fluctuating and politically nsitive nature of the rural ctor and the contribution of tourism to Gross Domestic Product, employment and incomes have given rural tourism an opportunity to gain greater prominence. With the increasing susceptibility of farm produce to global prices, regional restructuring has brought changes to traditional farming activities and lifestyles. The decline in traditional farming activities and the resulting loss of agricultural income in Australia, is a rious problem facing, and in sustaining, rural communities. But tourism has created a renewed awareness of, and demand for, rural values and environments.
Government agencies have incread their interest in farm tourism as a strategy for creating regional jobs, lling local products, supporting small-scale business and retaining farming lifestyles The Regional Tourism Programme is a Federal Government commitment to regional tourism [Australian Government: Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, 2003, Online]. In 1999- 2000, about 2 percent of Australia’s farms were undertaking some activity other than agricultural production [ABS, 2003].
Tourism is a major redistributor of resources within the domestic ctor with substantial multiplier effects. The majority of tourism business in Australia are small and medium enterpris (SMEs). As tourism is a labour-intensive industry, the promotion of tourism SMEs blends well with models of community and regional development, as small firms provide the underpinning for local entrepreneurship and job generation. Farm tourism encompass a t of economic activities with a tremendous potential for future domestic earnings and regional development, drawing on rvices provided by local governments and regional communities. Thus, tourism in regional Australia is playing an important role in regeneration and diversification.
The paper analys different aspects of visitors’satisfaction, and whether there are significant differences between the expectations and perceptions of participants of a guided tour in an organic f
arm. Kiwi Down Under, a small farm- tourism enterpri,
is located sixteen kilometres from the city of Coffs Harbour in New South Wales. The owner conducts traditional style walking tours for visitors. Refreshments, food and organic produce are available for sale at the tea-hou. Guided tours on farms which provide education about the farm environment, and interaction with the host, are the important aspects of the farm experience. The results of the rearch may be uful in developing an interpretive and tour management model which will help to sustain rural communities in farm environments through tourism, and engage the support of local and regional government.
FARM TOURISM
Rural and farm tourism, as a category of alternative tourism, is a growing ctor of tourism. The growing number of tourists venturing into rural regions, and the limited and spasmodic rearch in the farm tourism ctor, suggests that empirical rearch in this area is needed. There has been limited rearch in farm tourism becau the latter lacks a comprehensive body of knowledge and theoretical framework, which is largely due to problems with definition [Oppermann, 1995].
Farm tourism is a sub-ctor of rural tourism. According to Roberts and Hall [2001], farm tourism is o
ne of the five categories of rural tourism, the others being ecotourism, cultural, adventure and activity tourism. The broader ctor of rural tourism can be defined as tourism activity in rural areas and has different meanings in different countries. The European community us rural tourism to refer to all tourism activity in rural areas, but ignores large-scale mass recreation complexes in otherwi rural areas.
Hill et al [1996] define rural tourism as ‘the natural life tourism, through which the customer may access the natural environment as oppod to commercially developed tourist activities and locations’(p. 50). Rural tourism has been initiated to satisfy tourists who are eking healthy, active, relaxing and culturally valid experiences to escape urban crowds and stressful workplaces.
The term ‘farm tourism’is ud in some regions or countries with
agrotourism or agritourism. Whatever the label, most often it refers to ‘rural tourism conducted on working farms where the working environment forms part of the product from the perspective of the consumer’[Roberts and Hall, 2001].
Farm tourism can include:impaction>you are not alone歌词翻译
（1）Accommodation
（2）Farm visitor centres, galleries and muums
（3）Farm shops for produce and crafts
（4）Guided walks and farm trails
（5）Educational visits
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（6）Farm activities, such as mustering, fruit picking, hor riding and fishing （7）Food and beverage outlets
日你妈A common feature relevant to all of the above is management by the owner/farmer with help from the family houhold. Tourism is usually condary to the farm activities.
Considerable attention has been given to food tourism and wine tourism in recent years. When visits to farms, and farm tours are part of the experience, the forms of tourism are best categorid as sub-ctors of farm tourism. The tangible and intangible elements of the farm landscape attract visitors and influence their level of satisfaction. Hall et al [2003] u the terms ‘winescape’ and ‘foodscape’. Similarly, ‘rvicescape’ can just ifiably be ud to examine farm tourism.
SERVICESCAPE, EXPECTATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
The supply of farm tourism is about the countryside as a site of consumption. Hall et al [2003] argue that there appears to be an increasing need for some consumers to reconnect with the countryside as a source of recreation and relaxation, offering peace, solitude, fresh air and wide open spaces.
The rvicescape becomes relevant in the delivery of the product. In this study, rvice delivery is largely facilitated by the guide’s interpretation. Features of the rvicescape include noi, odour, temperature, layout, signage, access, convenience and so on. The ambient conditions affect the five ns and make the participant
feel comfortable or uncomfortable. They rve as cues impacting on behaviour and emotional respon, influencing the level of satisfaction with the tour.
Expectations and perceptions, together with motivation, are the factors often ud to measure satisfaction and hence tour quality. Lovelock et al [1998] define expectations as ‘pre-purcha beliefs about rvice provision that act as a standard or reference point for judging post-purcha performance’ (p.121).
Perceptions are defined by Greenberg and Baron [1997] as the process through which people lect, organi and interpret information gathered by the ns in order to understand the world.
The provider and ur are in clo proximity implying that satisfaction is influenced by consumers’ perceptions of rvice and the attention they receive. Satisfaction is dependent on performance. Lovelock et al [1998] define satisfaction as meeting expected needs and desires and is the consumer’s post-purcha evaluation.
Interpretation us themes, perspectives and linkages. It develops an appreciation of n of place. It creates for the visitor an understanding of the history and significance of events, people and objects with which the site is associated. Many urban people lack understanding of rural life and there is a growing recognition of the need for education.
DISCUSSION
The participants from the education gment of the market responded to a pre-tour and post-tour survey that examined attitudes to twelve elements of the farm rvicescape. The elements are related to behavioural and physical dimensions. In this pilot study, a small purposive convenience sample of thirty-six tertiary students is ud.
hook是什么意思A conventional approach to measuring satisfaction using before-and-after tour questionnaires is reasonably easy to administer and it is cost effective. Post-tour questionnaires are most important in
俄语入门学习reflecting on the experience, while a pre-tour questionnaire is acceptable as the respondents would have enough knowledge or
access to information (for example, advertising) to answer the questions accurately. It is recognid that this instrument could restrict respondents from expressing their feelings adequately, especially in the complex dimensions of rvicescape and inter-relationships. Hence, follow-up rearch using obrvation and interview techniques would be uful.
Twelve clo-ended questions on a five-point Likert-type scale are ud to measure respondent attitude to a range of elements in the rvicescape. Given that most criticism of SERVQUAL lies in its generic nature [Yoon and Ekinci, 2003], this study has chon dimensions and elements relevant to the farm landscape environment to measure customer satisfaction. The elements of the rvicescape ud are embedded in the tour activity. Three additional questions in the survey also provided information about the respondents, namely:
˙67% has not previously participated in a farm tour
˙53% do not have any connection with tourism in their work or career goals
˙75% are under the age of 25
韩国的英文怎么写Table 1 provides the mean scores of the pre- and post-tour respons to various activities on the farm, and the estimated t-statistic to test whether they are statistically significant at the 5% level (the critical value for the two-tailed test of paired differences is 2.03). Differences between expectations and perceptions which impact on satisfaction and quality, have implications for management and marketing of farm tourism. All pre-tour means are statistically different from post-tour means, which reject the null hypothes that there are no differences between participants’expectations and perceptions of farm activities at the 5% level of significance.
Participants expected more walking in the farm than they actually engaged in. While they found it easy to move around on the uneven and sloping terrain, it was not what they had expected. Another important element of guided tours is related to time spent standing at the one site, often listening to commentary. Contrary to the participants’expectation, they were not standing around at any one site for too long.
