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“”--Paul Ekmantelling lies 作者: Paul Ekman副标题: 如何识破政界、军界、商界及婚姻中的骗局美国FOX电视台的新剧《别对我说谎Lie to me 第一季》前阵在中国颇受欢迎，该剧教会了观众辨别是否说谎的小窍门，令许多人乐此不疲地成为了“行为学专家”。该剧的一大卖点就是其灵感来源于行为学专家Paul Ekman博士的真实研究以及畅销书《Telling Lies》说谎，同时剧组还邀请Paul Ekman博士担任顾问。Paul Ekman博士是研究情感与面部表情关系的先驱，他被认为是20世纪最卓越的100名心理学家之一，他还专门开了一个专栏“The Truth About Lie to Me谎言的真相”，里面谈的是关于运用在这部电视剧中的理论。该剧的中文译名恰好与英文名相反调查表明，一个普通人在谈话的时候，平均每10分钟要说3个谎话。全球首席识谎专家：Paul Ekman保罗·艾克曼Paul Ekman保罗·艾克曼1934，著名心理学家、全球首席识谎专家，专精于非语言沟通，主要研究脸部表情辨识、情绪与人际欺骗。1991 年获美国心理学会颁发的杰出科学贡献奖。通过40年的研究，Paul Ekman发现某些基本情绪（快乐、悲伤、愤怒、厌恶、惊讶和恐惧）的表达在人类文化中都很雷同，因此他提出不同文化的面部表情都有一定的共通性。Paul Ekman和研究伙伴
W.V.Frien作了深入的研究，通过观察和生物反馈他们描绘出了不同的脸部肌肉动作和不同表情的对应关系。FACS就是他们经过多年研究于1976年所创制的“面部表情编码系统。他们根据人脸的解剖学特点，将其划分成若干既相互独立又相互联系的运动单元（AU），并分析了这些运动单元的运动特征及其所控制的主要区域以及与之相关的表情，并给出了大量的照片说明。他们在人的脸上发现43种动作单元，
每一种都由一块或者好几块肌肉的运动构成，各种动作单元之间可以自由组合，也就是说，人脸上可能有1万种表情，其中的3000种具有一个情感意义。FACS该套系统将许多现实生活中人类的表情进行了分类，它是如今面部表情的肌肉运动的权威参照标准，也被心理学家和动画片绘画者使用。在Paul Ekman 和Wallace V. Frien构思和创造了Facial Action Coding System以来，技术已经发生了很多改变。虽然作者期待FACS被应用于表情记录，但是在FACS开发过程中通过视屏记录来保存和分析面部行为还没有像现在这么普及和便宜。高效的个人电脑，数据库，和数字视频也都还没出现。最普遍的当时记录面部行为的方式仍然使用电影胶片和照片。ActionUnit的参考实例和记分练习用的都是电影胶片或照片。传统的训练手册要在穿孔卡片机这样的老式设备上查找和在大型计算机上进行分析。这就要考虑到FACS 在练习，应用和报告上的局限性。后续的出版包含了Paul Ekman 和Wallace V. Frien的实验，和一些附件。Paul Ekman说：我们用声带交谈，但我们是用面部表情、声调乃至整个身体去表示和传递感情的。在四十年研究生涯中，他曾研究新几内亚部落民族、精神分裂病人、间谍、连续杀人犯和职业杀手的面容。联邦调查局、中央情报局、警方、反恐怖小组等政府机构，甚至动画工作室也常常请他当情绪表情的顾问。Paul Ekman博士的Facial Action Coding System FACS 面部行为编码系统从现在开始，抓谎什么是“微表情” “” 为什么有时仅仅只需一瞥，我们就能断定自己是不是喜欢某个人呢？通常人们把这归因于下意识、直觉或是“本能感觉”，但是研究人员发现：眼睛收到的信息更加丰富-------微表情。抱歉！！先插一段视频，一部和微表情有关的美剧Lie to me，2009年3月10加人的脸部可以传输信息，它是媒介，是信息传输器。“阅读”一张脸时，有非常多的信息需要available
restoredppc是什么意思我们去发现。其中包括脸部的基本结构和肌肉特性：这张脸很长且棱角分明，还是又圆又胖？通常，看
到一张陌生的面孔后，我们会翻阅罗乐德斯Rolodex名片管理器，在认识的人里找出脸型相似的人。我们也会通过人们的眼镜、化妆、纹身或穿孔等人为装饰来作出自己的判断。面部的变化，如笑、皱眉、发怒，能迅速地提供更多的信息，由此我们能很明显的了解人们当时的心情、意图。心里的事全在脸上写着，想获取你信任的人会冲你笑，想吓唬你的人会冲你发怒。交流时，我们希望尽可能多的获取语言和非语言的信息。同时我们也会控制自己的表情，其目的是：·最大限度地了解对方；·掌握所处的境况；·避免危险、欺骗、窘境或社会地位损失；·诱导、确认或控制对方的想法；让我们了解更多的有关表情的科学，其中就有：人类共同的七张面孔。和父母或孩子说话时，大家都知道皱眉表示伤心或不满。但皱眉是后天习得的行为么？学者Paul Ekman也在思考同样的问题。为了得到答案，Ekman决定走访世界各地，研究各种文化背景下的人。通过研究国外城市、偏远岛屿和与世隔绝的丛林的人，他发现人类主要拥有至少七种表情，每种表情都表达同样的意思：·高兴。人们高兴时的面部动作包括：嘴角翘起，面颊上抬起皱，眼睑收缩，眼睛尾部会形成“鱼尾纹”。·伤心。面部特征包括眯眼，眉毛收紧，嘴角下拉，下巴抬起或收紧。·害怕。害怕时，嘴巴和眼睛张开，眉毛上扬，鼻孔张大。·愤怒。这时眉毛下垂，前额紧皱，眼睑和嘴唇紧张。·厌恶。厌恶的表情包括嗤鼻，上嘴唇上抬，眉毛下垂，眯眼。·惊讶。惊讶时，下颚下垂，嘴唇和嘴巴放松，眼睛张大，眼睑和眉毛微抬。·
轻蔑。轻蔑的著名特征就是嘴角一侧抬起，作讥笑或得意笑状。Ekman和研究伙伴W.V.Frien作了更深入的研究，通过观察和生物反馈他们描绘出了不同的脸部肌肉动作和不同表情的对应关系。Ekman把其归结为一个体系，称之为“面部行为代码系统”Facial Action Coding System FACS “测量表情”可不容易。比方说，“面部行为代码系统FACS”不能识别情绪，只是确认做某个表情时肌肉的动作。测量方法是使用“动作单元Action UnitsAU”，每一个AU对应一个特定的动作，比如皱眉是AU 4，扬眉是AU 1。AU里不包括“嗤笑”或“似笑非笑”这种表述性的语言，因为这会影响对特定表情的理解。它还能识别某个表情是自愿的还是被迫的，是自然的还是故意的。表情的强度也很重要。笑的强度定义为AU 12可分为6种，依据是嘴角翘起的角度。同理可以衡量眼睛的收缩AU 6。测量的时间长短则需要考虑笑容展开到最大程度的时长、其维持时间、面部恢复到常态的时间。笑的同时是否还有别的表情发生？它们与笑有关还是无关？笑容是对称的么？如果不是对称的，各半边脸部笑的程度是多少？下面，我们来了解一下“笑里藏刀”：微表情。”” 对于整个人类来说，很多表情及其表现的情绪都是很常见的，因此大脑能够搜寻并理解这些面部信息。同样，当情绪有变化时，我们的面部也有种奇特的习性，能做出相应的表情，有时这不需要我们具备知识，或是有意为之。虽然一个下意识的表情可能只持续一瞬间，但这是种烦人的特性，很容易暴露情绪。当面部在做某个表情时，这些持续时间极短的表情会突然一闪而过，而且有时表达相反的情绪。我们称这些表情为“微表情”。人们通过做一些表情把内心感受表达给对方看，在人们做的不同表情之间，或是某个表情里，脸部会“泄露”出其它的信息。“微表情”最短可持续1/25秒数据来源: Ekman。“微表情”一闪而过，通常甚至清醒的作表情的人和观察者都
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察觉不到。在实验里，只有10的人察觉到”微表情”数据来源: Zetter。比起人们有意识做出的表情，“微表情”更能体现人们真实的感受和动机。售货员的笑脸里可能闪过一毫秒轻蔑的嗤笑，停车场里表情严峻向你走来的人可能会突然闪现恐
惧的表情。虽然我们会忽略“微表情”，但是我们的大脑依然受其影响，改变我们对别人表情的理解。所以如果某人很自然地表现“高兴”的表情，且其中不含有“微表情”，我们就能断定这人是高兴的。但是如果其间有“嗤笑”的“微表情”闪现，就算你没有刻意去察觉，你会更倾向于认为这张“高兴”的面孔是“狡猾的”或“不可信的”。这个潜意识的行为可能会过度。研究表明，对于患有“社会焦虑症”的人群，当潜意识察觉到“恐惧”的”微表情”时，其大脑活动比平时更活跃。因为危险的情境会引发负面的感受，察觉到别人的恐惧也会使自己同样害怕来源: Tremmel。更为复杂的是，表现“恐惧”和“惊讶”的表情很相似，常被观察者混淆。为了帮助执法和情报机构更好地辨别可疑行为和欺骗行为，Ekman与他们分享了自己的研究，比如接近机场安检时，察觉某人表现出的一毫秒的恐惧表情。Ekman认为通过用照片或摄像来研究人们脸部的变化，能够增强察觉和理解”微表情”的能力。在机场排队的人群中辨认出恐怖分子，是应用察觉“微表情”能力的一个极端的例子。在日常生活中，这种能力也能帮助我们。如果我们错误的理解“微表情”的含义，我们会对交流对象形成错误的判断。这增加了人们之间的隔阂，而不是互信。如果理解了”微表情”，我们就更能够从一闪而过表情信号里发现有价值的信息。What are microexpressions by Tom Scheve After taking just one look at someone why do we sometimes immebig cock
diately know we dont like him or her We usually chalk this up to instinct intuition or a gut feeling but rearchers have found that theres something more going on that just barely meets the eye --microexpressions. The human face is a medium or a sign vehicle that nds us a message. When we read a face theres quite a lot of data to sift through. One part of the medium is its basic structure and muscletone. Is it long and angular or round and chubby Often well e a strangers face and flip through a mental Rolodex of sorts matching the shape of the new face with ones we already know. We also perceive changes that have taken place such as scarring weathering of the skin or wrinkles. Taking into account artificial adornments such as eyeglass makeup tattoos or piercings we make personal judgments bad on what the person has added by choice. Providing more immediate information are the changes in a persons face such as smiles frowns or scowls. The changes provide us with the most obvious information about someones mood or immediate intentions. Expressions reprent the persons intended message the one he or she is trying to convey. A person trying to gain your trust will smile. Someone trying to scare you will scowl. When we communicate we try to collect as much verbal and nonverbal information as possible. We also try to control the outgoing expressive information we display to others in order to: ?? Maximize our understanding of the people we interact with ?? Gain perspective on the situation ?? Protect ourlves against harm deception embarrassment or loss of social standing ?? Guide assure or man
ipulate the perceptions of another Lets learn more about the science of expressions -- and which ven expressions all humans share. Facial Expressions: The Seven Faces of Adam and Eve You know that when you speak to your parent or child a frown indicates sadness or dissatisfaction. But is it becau a frown is a learned behavior One rearcher Paul Ekman wondered this same thing. He decided to travel the world to study people from different cultures to determine if our expressions are learned behaviors. After studying people from foreign cities faraway lands and isolated jungles Ekman learned that all humans share at least ven primary facial expressions with identical meanings: Jetta Productions/Iconica/Getty Images Just look at that angry forehead. ?? Happiness. The expression for happiness involves raising the lip corners raising and wrinkling cheeks and
narrowing eyelids producing crows feet wrinkles in the corners of the eyes. ?? Sadness. This expression features narrowed eyes eyebrowsbrought together a down-turned mouth and a pulling up or bunching of the chin. ?? Fear. In fear the mouth and eyes are open eyebrows are raid and nostrils are sometimes flared. ?? Anger. Anger involves lowered eyebrows a wrinkled forehead tend eyelids and tend lips. ?? Disgust. A look of disgust includes no scrunching raising of the upper lip downcast eyebrows and narrowed eyes. ?? Surpri. Surpri appears with a dropped jaw relaxed lips and mouth widened eyes and slightly raid eyelids and eyebrows. ?? Contempt. Conte
mpt is no table for its raising of one side of the mouth into a sneer or smirk. Ekman went even further and with fellow rearcher W.V. Frien mapped out through obrvation and biofeedback which facial muscles were responsible for which expressions. He codified them into a system called the Facial Action Coding System FACS. DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/Getty Images The anatomy of a face Measuring expressions isnt so easy. For one thing the FACS doesnt identify the emotion only the muscles involved in making an expression. The measurements ud are Action Units AUs with each Action Unit reprenting a specific motion for instance bunching the eyebrows together is AU 4 raising the eyebrows is AU 1. The measurements dont include sneer or half-smirk becau using such descriptive terms might influence the interpretation of a specific expression. Its also noted whether the expression is voluntary or involuntary spontaneous or intentional. The intensity of an expression is also important. Smile strength identified as AU 12 can be classified one of six different ways depending on the degree the corners of the mouth are turned up. Eye constriction AU 6 is likewi measured. Measuring duration takes into account the time it takes your mouth to reach the apex of its smile how long the apex is held and the time it takes to return to a nonsmiling state. Are other expressions simultaneously occurring Are they connected or parate from the smile Is the smile symmetrical If not what are the measurements for each side of the face And to think of all tho bumper stickers demanding that you Smile without once taking into consideration how complic
英语必修五单词录音ated an order that is to fulfill. Next well learn about the frowns between the smiles: microexpressions. Reading Microexpressions: Why You Dont Like Certain Smiles Since many facial expressions and the emotions they reprent are common to the entire human species our brains are wired to arch for and interpret the facial cues. Likewi when we feel something on an emotional level our faces have a peculiar habit of exhibiting an expression that matches the way we feel sometimes without our knowledge or without the desire to put our emotions on display across our faces. This pesky trait can be quite revealing even though an unintended expression may last only a fraction of a cond. The superfast expressions that suddenly appear in the middle of another -- sometimes opposite -- expression are microexpressions. Sean Locke/Photodisc/Getty Images Think of microexpressions as this mans face. The expressions on the paper plates are what he choos to show to you but you might e microexpressions of his true feelings underneath. While we provide others with visual information about the way we feel through our expressions other information leaks out of our faces between or during the intentional expressions. Microexpressions can be as brief as about 1/25 of a cond source: Ekman. They occur so fast that theyre often not perceived by the conscious mind of either the expresr or the person obrving the expression. As few as 10 percent of people are even aware of eing microexpressions when tested source: Zetter. Microexpressions can be much more accurate signs of a
persons true feelings and intentions than the expression he or she is consciously producing. The smiling salesman may flash a millicond-long sneer of contempt or the fierce-looking man approaching you in the parking lot may have a sudden look of fear wash across his face. Even when were consciously unaware of detecting a microexpression it still influences our brain activity and alters our perception of the expressions we do consciously e on anothers face. So if you e a happy expression plain as day on someones face and there were no microexpressions preceding it youll identify it as happy. But if the happy expression is preceded by a sneering microexpression that you arent even conscious of detecting youll be more likely to describe that same happy face as cunning or untrustworthy. This may go a long way in explaining that uneasy feeling that leads you to walk away from someone thinking I dont know what it is but theres just something about that person … This subconscious processing can slip into overdrive. Studies have shown people with social anxietieshave more brain activity than normal when they subconsciously detect a fear microexpression. Since threatening situations produce negative feelings for them detecting signs of fear in other other people creates the same anxious respon source: Tremmel. Making matters more complicated the expressions for fear and surpri are very similar and often confud by obrvers. Ekman shares his knowledge with law enforcement and intelligence agencies to help them better detect suspicious behaviors or deceptions such as a millicond-long look of fear expres
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d by someone approaching an airport curity check. Ekman believes the ability to detect and interpret microexpressions can be improved by studying changes in human faces using photographs or video. Spotting terrorists in line at the airport is just one extreme u of the ability to detect microexpressions. It can also benefit us in normal situations. When we misperceive microexpressions we can make fal assumptions about the people with whom we communicate. This creates distance in our relationships instead of incread awareness. By tuning into microexpressions we can improve our chances of eing a big sign from a very fast sign vehicle.
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