听力教程第三册
Unit 6 Find the Right Words
Part I Getting ready
Audio script:
The English language can be traced back to prehistoric Indo-European through the West Germanic line. However, many other influences have shaped the development of Modern English. We will review some important dates in the history of the English language. The first three are Latin influences:
1. In 5,5 B.C. Caesar conquered Britain and the Celtic people.
2. In 4
3. B.C. Rome colonized the island.
3. The Romans remained for 400 years (the first four centuries of the Christian Era). The next significant dates were:
4. The year 499 (which was the year of the Anglo-Saxon conquest of the island).
5. From 500 on, the West Germanic language was the basic language of Britain (or England).
Influences from other languages continued however.
6. In the sixth and venth centuries England was Christianized by missionaries nt by the Pope (so that Latin influence continued).
Then,
7. In the eig11th and ninth centuries the Normen (Vikings), invaded England with their Old Nor language.
8. In 1066. the Norman Conquest brought French linguistic influence.
9. The French influence continued for 300 years (the ninth century through the 11th century).
circuit breaker10. And finally, in the fifteen and sixteen hundreds, when classical learning was revived, there was continued Latin language influence.
Audio script:
1. People are delighted if you can speak their language, and they don't care how well you speak it. They are not upt when you make mistakes. I think in order to learn, you mustn't be afraid of making mistakes.
2. I'm a very shy person and it's not easy for me to talk to strangers. But you have to force yourlf to talk to people. That's what I did and it really helped me.
3. I think the best language learners are people with a n of humor. Try to laugh at your own mistakes and don't take yourlf too riously. You'll find that other people will be sympathetic when you make mistakes.
4. I took two cours in business studies. I read, studied, listened to lectures and took notes in English. It was a very good experience for me becau I didn't have time to think about the language. I recommend forgetting about the grammar and thinking about the meaning instead.
5. In my experience, learning a foreign language always involves a lot of time, a lot of boring work and lots of problems! In short, if you want to learn another language you have to work hard.
6. Try to read as much as you can. I think that's the best way to improve your English and to learn more new words. I always try to read something in English everyday.
Part II Skills to communicate bad news
Audio script:shabu shabu
Avi Arditti：I'm Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster: giving doctors better skills to communicate bad news.
Rosanne Skirble：Anthony Back is a medical oncologist at the University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Rearch Center in Seattle.
He and four colleagues are in the fifth year leading a program funded with
one and one-half million dollars from the National Cancer Institute.
Avi Arditti：Doctor Back says specially trained actors play cancer patients to help oncologists learn how to avoid sounding innsitive when the prognosis is
grim.
vdisk
Anthony Back：Probably the biggest misconception I face is that you're either born with this or you're not. In fact, what the rearch shows is that people learn
to do this over time. And the way they learn to do it is they e good role
models, they practice, they get specific feedback on what they're doing,
they try-out new things, they innovate and develop new conversational
practices for themlves.
Avi Arditti：Can you give us some examples of tho conversational practices -- what are some ways to impart bad news?
Anthony Back：Here's an example: The patient has had cancer in the past, has been doing well and is coming in for some routine follow-up tests. The routine
follow-up tests unexpectedly show the cancer has started to come back.
pakistanThe doctor will typically go in and say to the patient, "Guess what, your
cancer's back." And the patient will be just blown away, right? There are a
couple of practices there that doctors can do that can help. One is to start
with -- especially if you don't know the patient -- asking what the patient
expected, what did they understand about their cancer, what were they
expecting with this test. Becau if the patient says to you "You know, they
didn't tell me anything. I'm just here becau I got this appointment in the
mail," that's one whole kind of comprehension level. Whereas if the patient
says "I had a Tl Nl MO lung cancer and they told me I had a fifty-five
every dog has his daypercent chance of dia recurrence in the next two years," that's a whole
different story, right?
The cond thing is that after you give this difficult news, then I think it's
really important to address both the cognitive reaction and also the kind of
the emotional side of it.
Rosanne Skirble：What are some of the phras or the ways in which you can couch this news?
Anthony Back：You know, the way to make it easier is to make sure that you are going from the context the patient drew for you. So you go from what the
英文单词翻译patient understands and you try to u their words as much as possible. And
then, when you get to the really bad part of the news, I think it's actually
important to be direct and concrete and not to couch the news. It's better to
say "The cancer has come back" than to say "There are hypo-densities in
your liver on the CT" (or) "You have a malignancy." All tho euphemisms
force patients to struggle to understand what's happening to them, and it六级查分入口
adds to their confusion and distress.
Rosanne Skirble: ：Well, should they say things like "I wish things were different" or "I hope for the best," or should a doctor kind of maintain a distance? Anthony Back：You know, my thought about that actually is that the more skilled the physician, the less they have to distance themlves. There are some
remy martin
phras that we u, and the most important ones are really the ones that are
about empathy for the patient. You know, "I e this is a difficult situation,
I e this is not what you expected, I'm hoping for the best." And I think it's
fine for doctors to talk about hope, and I think it's important actually. AviArditti：Let me ask you, have you en any cultural differences come up in the training programs as you've had doctors go through?
Anthony Back：You know, we have actually a very multicultural group of physicians who come, and they all bring in all their own different values about how
frank should people be. Becau the American standard, of cour, is that
patients themlves get all the information, they make the decision
themlves, and there's this very strong emphasis on autonomy. And in a lot
of other cultures that's really not the ca.
Rosanne Skirble：And what got you started in the first place?
Anthony Back：What got me started was, when I was an oncology trainee, and this was after a personal experience -- my mother had died of a pre-leukemia
kind of thing -- I remember walking around in the bone-marrow transplant
wards with this experienced -- it was this other, older nior physician --
going around having the life-and-death conversations with patients and
thinking, God, there has got to be a better way to do this.
Avi Arditti：The result, says Doctor Anthony Back in Seattle, is a program that has now trained about one hundred-eighty oncologists at retreats held twice a
sweeperyear. The program Web site is oncotalk.info -- that's o-n-c-o-t-a-l-k dot
i-n-f-o.
Part III Foreign accents神谴
Audio script:
Section I
As far as I'm concerned, I do tend to judge people I meet by their accents. I don't mean that I'm a sort of snob, and only like people with posh accents, but I never feel comfortable with a new person until I've been able to place them from the way they speak. If it's an English person, I feel much more at ea if I can say "Ah, he comes form Liverpool", or "He's probably been to public school". I suppo then I know what to talk about and what to expect from the other person.
The same is true of foreigners. Personally, I prefer a foreigner to speak with a recognizable foreign accent, so that I know that I'm talking to a Frenchman, a Ghanaian, a Pole, and so on. So for me, it ems a bit pointless for foreigners to try desperately hard to get rid of their national accent and try to speak BBC English. If someone is clearly French, I know there's no point in talking about cricket or making jokes about the Irish. And frankly, I think it even sounds more attractive. I can't really expla
in why, but if a person has a foreign accent, they em to be more interesting, even if they are saying the most ordinary things.
