美⽂选刊｜托尔⾦创造了所有语⾔？
Literary Mysteries:
Did Tolkien Really Create Entire Languages for His Books?
⽂学之谜：所有语⾔都是托尔⾦造的？
⽂/特雷西·芒福德
译/邓梦寒
By Tracy Mumford
Tancave!
That’s Quenya for “yes.”no touch
Tancave!
hope什么意思
这在昆雅语中意为“是的”。
Quenya is just one of the dozens of languages Tolkien dreamed up for the inhabitants of Middle Earth. Technically, it’s part of the Elvish language family, which has over 15 different languages and dialects within it.
昆雅语只是托尔⾦为中⼟世界居民虚构的众多语⾔之⼀。严格说来，它属于精灵语系，该语系有超过15种不同的语⾔和⽅⾔。
And that’s only the beginning. Tolkien created his first constructed language when he was just a teenager. He was a master of actual languages as well. He knew 35 different tongues, both ancient and modern—everything from Old Nor to Lithuanian. He taught himlf Finnish for fun.
这只是开始。托尔⾦⼗⼏岁时就⾃创了第⼀种虚构的语⾔。他也精通很多现实中的语⾔。他知晓35种不同语⾔，包括古代的和现代的——从古斯堪的那维亚语到⽴陶宛语。为了消遣，他还⾃学了芬兰语。
For Tolkien, the languages came first. Middle Earth and the “Lord of the Rings” epics were created around his constructed languages. Basically, he invented words and needed speakers.
ll对托尔⾦⽽⾔，语⾔最重要。中⼟世界和“指环王”史诗系列皆围绕他虚构的语⾔创造⽽来。从根本上讲，他创造了话语和所需的说话者。
汉英大字典He created the 15 different Elvish dialects, along with languages for the Ents, the Orcs, the Dwarves, the men and the Hobbits and more. He thought of everything: The Dwarves even had a parate sign language, becau the forges they worked were too loud.
风风火火
他创造了15种不同的精灵⽅⾔，还为树⼈、半兽⼈、矮⼈、⼈类和霍⽐特⼈等⽣物创造了各种语⾔。他把⼀切都想到了：矮⼈甚⾄还有⼀种单独的⼿势语，因为他们⼯作的锻造环境噪⾳太⼤。
If Tolkien had gotten his way, the books wouldn’t have even been in English at all. “I should have preferred to write in Elvish,” Tolkien said.
美丽的英语怎么写如果由着托尔⾦⾃⼰，他甚⾄根本都不会⽤英⽂来写这些书。“我更想⽤精灵语来写。”托尔⾦说。charity
difficult是什么意思Of all the languages Tolkien created, two have enough words and grammar to be considered functional. They’re not “complete,” in the n that they lack niche words, like “flambe” or “hydro nucleic acid,” but people do speak and write in them. The languages are both Elvish in origin: Quenya and Sindarin.
亚洲杯中国对韩国
在托尔⾦创造的所有语⾔中，有两种语⾔拥有⾜量的词汇和语法，被认为具有功能性。它们并不“完备”，因为缺少像flambe或hydro nucleic acid这样的术语，但是⼈们说话和书写的确都⽤它们。昆雅语和⾟达林语都起源于精灵语。
When he died, Tolkien left behind a large number of unpublished works, many of which are still being studied. New words are still being uncovered. Tolkien was meticulous with his languages. His original manus, which are at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wis., contain extensive notes in the margins about his word u.
托尔⾦去世后，留下⼤量尚未出版的著作，其中许多仍在研究之中。⼈们还在不断发现新的词语。托尔⾦对⾃⼰创造的语⾔精益求精。他的原稿收藏在位于美国威斯康⾟州密尔沃基市的马凯特⼤学，稿中空⽩处标注了⼤量有关其词语使⽤的注释。
Curious folk who want to conver in Elvish themlves are in good company. The Internet abounds with language worksheets and pronunciation videos to kick start your studies.
想⽤精灵语交流的好奇者们可以成为好朋友。互联⽹上有很多语⾔活页练习和发⾳视频可供展开研究。
Quel marth! (Good luck!)
Quel marth!（祝你好运！）
（选⾃《英语世界》2017年第7期）
old老太ofa
