Outline
Topic: Working Mother in China
Thesis Statement: To be preci, there were two dissimilar resources of the stress on Chine working women: one internal family, the other external family and under the pressure, women were leading a thorny life, about which effective solutions should be taken to reduce weight on their shoulder and improve their living condition.
I. Pressure inside family
A.Pressure from houwork
B.Pressure from relationship
1. Relationship with husband上海外语口译证书考试网
2. Relationship with kid
3. Relationship with parents and parents-in-law
II. Pressure outside family
bychance
sugar freeA.Economic pressure
1. Job
2. Housing
Family budget
B.Emotional pressure
高级英语第一册1. Relationship with friends
2. Relationship with society
III. Life under pressure and solutions
A.Physical condition
B.Mental condition
1. Contact with friends
2. Entertainment for relaxing
yannyC.Solutions
Concluding Statement: The pressure of Chine working mother from family and job was colossal but unheeded, which gave ri to the tedious and wearisome life and the frail physical condition of them and which should be boosted by effective and timely solutions.
Sophia Du
Professor Nathan Henne
Advanced Writing 1学考查询成绩入口2020
28 May 2012
Pressure on Chine Working Mother and Solutions
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In many developed countries and some developing countries, a new trend of high divorce rate came
into being, and emed to become a universal social phenomenon. As to China, from the beginning of 21st century, the divorce rate had incread quickly. In 2005, about 1,785,000 couples divorced, and after that, it incread by over 2,000,000 per year, 60 to 70 percentage of which were lodged by women. In a country like China that emphasized family unites a lot more than individuals, this social phenomenon had a vital negative impact on the stability of the country and its social life (Zhang Guochao 1). The fact that more than half of Chine married women lodged a divorce was by no means accidental. Chine women1, in the traditional Chine x-role ideology, were suppod to stay around the kitchen to take care of the family members and to do all the houwork, while men were the breadwinners, working outside the family and never giving thought to the chores. However, as more women received higher education, and the economic pressure on each family turned out to be heavier, most women stepped into the job market and worked as full-time employees. Manipulated by the old deep-rooted view that men were the authority and superior to women in the family, it was onerous for Chine mothers to attend either work or family competently. To be preci, there were two dissimilar resources of the stress on Chine working women: one internal family, the other external family and under the pressure, women were leading a thorny life, about which effective solutions should be taken to reduce weight on their shoulder and improve their living condition.
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P RESSURE I NTERNAL F AMILY
Pressure from Houwork. Firstly, Chine working women suffered pressure internal the family. The main pressure came from the houwork. Most Chine families were men-oriented ones, which meant that men, whether they were father, sons or grandfather, were the breadwinner and enjoyed the supreme authority in the family. Women were houkeepers and executants and, therefore, whether a woman was employed or not, a large part of houwork relied on her to complete, which included cleaning, management, budgeting, houkeeping, cooking, child care, grocery shopping and other shopping, and in most cas, taking care of her parents and parents-in-law. According to a survey conducted by Jiping Zuo and Yanjie Bian, “To husbands and wives, a man of ‘‘failed aspiration’’ (Coltrane 1996) would be perceived as ‘incapable,’ ‘lacking ambition,’ and as ‘relying on wives for financial support (chi ruan fan).’ Although . . . breadwinning is their responsibility, whereas houkeeping is family work to which they were willing to contribute when they could” (Zuo 1128). On the contrary, “Like a man of ‘failed aspiration,’ a woman who has an ‘excessive’ career ambition without assuming much houhold responsibility would be criticized as ‘lfish,’ ‘nonfeminine,’ and ‘irresponsible to houhold needs’ and are mocked as nu qiang ren (career-oriented women)” (Zuo 1128). Additional, in the view of the author of Work & Family, Changing Roles of Men and Women Pa
trica V oydanoff, the modern society required that in most families, economic roles performed by men and women provided access to the financial resources to support family life and made it work, which meant working was inevitably necessary for a woman (6). According to traditional gendered role in China, whatever a woman had achieved in her career, she should put the family above her career and fulfilled her family role as houkeeper primarily. Though, the weariness caud by the houwork was nothing compared with that aroud by the family relationship.
Pressure from Relationship. Working mothers suffered a lot from the ten relationship with their family members, that is, the husband, kid and parents or parents-in-law, among which the relationship between the wife and husband was determining to the marriage and others influenced it indirectly. In the book Modern Love Science Guochao Zhang held that to cultivate and educate a kid, the wife might ignore her role of wife and shift all her attention between the kid and her job, which resulted in the disregard towards another party. It was regarded as indifferent if friends or relatives did nothing when the couples quarreled. Under this circumstance, how the couple dealt with the influence from their friends, family or kid would directly decide how their marriage would advance (334). Ellen Efron Pimentel reported in Just How Do I Love Thee? : Marital Relations in Urban China, “Marriage is one of the most inten human relationships. The quality of this relationship is continually redefined by spous and is potentially crucial to their overall experience of family life”
(32). In his book Modern Love Science, Dr. Guochao Zhang divided marriage into three periods, the prior period, the middle and the late period. Through all the periods, there were certain threats to the relationship of the couple. In the prior period, the couple needed to adjust to each other, which would certainly take time and energy (251). For a working mother who had to take care of the kids, perform well in her office, do almost all the routine houwork in the family, there was little patience and time left for her to adjust and communicate. The less communication and the asymmetrical division of houwork and job between wife and husband had caged the wife within the hou. As a result, more and more quarrels and complaints, less and less comfort and support, the ten relationship between the couple came into existence. What was wor, while dealing with the pressure from the nerve-racking relationship, the pitiable mother had to tend her kid.
For a working mother, kids could be a huge burden and pressure. Patrica V oydanpff commented, Women’s role in their work influenced their family roles as a mother negatively in
terms of children’s psychological well-being, marital satisfaction, marital power and time spent with the children (7). From the birth of a baby, the mother was put on more burdens in China. The husband might help do some houwork while the wife was weak after birth of baby. However, after that, he refud to do so any more and just cooked dinner now and then at his wife’s strong request.
In a Chine family, it was common if a husband was always engaged into his job and stayed late out of home for business dinner, but a wife could not. The mother should utilize her spare time to prepare breakfast for the family, especially for the kid, pick up them after school, and console them when they were in depression. There might be some husbands who would like to give a hand, but very few. The child’s education also put much pressure on his mother. There was an example in a survey conducted in 2010 among 10,000 houholds in 10 cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Taiyuan, 33-year-old Wang Ying, a manager of a bank branch of Beijing, had a considerable salary. A mother of a boy of 4 years old, Wang always felt pressured. “My son will soon go to elementary school, and I feel pressure in choosing a school for him. As parents, we want him to receive the best education. But it's very difficult to be enrolled in the best schools.”
other是什么意思Besides, the relationship between the kid and the mother could also become not so good becau of her job. In China, woman needed “do the month”2 after giving birth to a baby. After “doing the month” and the maternity leave, which lasted at most five months and a half 3 according to the labor law, the mother started working normally and could only feed the kid at night. Some couples would nd the baby to their parents’, which would directly hurt the psychological well-being of the baby. Sometimes, it happened that a woman got pregnant when she was most likely to get a promotion, then she woul
d have to choo between promotion and baby, which was a difficult choice for an ambitious woman and left to her great strain and angst. Some women
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