1．Civil War
The American Civil War (1861–1865), often referred to simply as The Civil War in the United States, was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In respon to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their cession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ("the Confederacy"); the other 25 states supported the federal government ("the Union"). After four years of warfare, mostly within the Southern states, the Confederacy surrendered and slavery was outlawed everywhere in the nation. Issues that led to war were partially resolved in the Reconstruction Era that followed, though others remained unresolved.
In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against expanding slavery beyond the states in which it already existed. The Republicans strongly advocated nationalism, and in their 1860 platform they denounced threats of disunion as avowals of treason. After a Republican victory, but before the new ad英语宾语从句
别对我撒谎第一季ministration took office on March 4, 1861, ven cotton states declared their cession and joined to form the Confederate States of America. Both the outgoing administration of President James Buchanan and the incoming administration rejected the legality of cession, considering it rebellion. The other eight slave states rejected calls for cession at this point. No country in the world recognized the Confederacy.
collagenHostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state to recapture federal property, which led to declarations of cession by four more slave states. Both sides raid armies as the Union ized control of the border states early in the war and established a naval blockade. Land warfare in the East was inconclusive in 1861–62, as the Confederacy beat back Union efforts to capture its capital, Richmond, Virginia, notably during the Peninsular Campaign. In September 1862, the Confederate campaign in Maryland ended in defeat at the Battle of Antietam, which dissuaded the British from intervening.[2] Days after that battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal.[3]
意思是什么意思In 1863, Confederate general Robert E. Lee's northward advance ended in defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg. To the west, the Union gained control of the Mississippi River after the Battle of Shiloh and Siege of Vicksburg, splitting the Confederacy in two and destroying much of their western army. Due to his western success, Ulyss S. Grant was given command of the eastern army in 1864, and organized the armies of William Tecumh Sherman, Philip Sheridan and others to attack the Confederacy from all directions, increasing the North's advantage in manpower. Grant restructured the union army, and put other generals in command of divisions of the army that were to support his push into Virginia. He fought veral battles of attrition against Lee through the Overland Campaign to ize Richmond, though in the face of fierce resistance he altered his plans and led the Siege of Petersburg which nearly finished off the rest of Lee's army. Meanwhile, Sherman captured Atlanta and marched to the a, destroying Confederate infrastructure along the way. When the Confederate attempt to defend Petersburg failed, the Confederate army retreated but was pursued and defeated, which resulted in Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court Hou on April 9, 1865.
kingnetThe American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The practices of total war, developed by Sherman in Georgia, and of trench warfare around Petersburg foreshadowed World War I in Europe. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Historian John Huddleston estimates the death toll at ten percent of all Northern males 20–45 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18–40.[4] Victory for the North meant the end of the Confederacy and of slavery in the United States, and strengthened the role of the federal government. The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877.
美国南北战争（1861-1865），通常被称为在美国南北战争，是一场内战，战斗在美利坚合众国。在亚伯拉罕·林肯作为美国总统的选举中，来自美国的11个南部蓄奴州宣布他们的分裂，并形成了美国南部邦联（“邦联”），其他25个州的支持联邦政府（“ “联盟”）。经过4年的战争，大多是在南方各州，联邦投降，并在全国各地奴隶制被取缔。导致战争的问题，
部分解决重建中的时代之后，虽然仍然没有得到解决。
在1860年的总统选举中，共和党，亚伯拉罕·林肯的带领下，反对扩大奴隶制以外的国家，它已经存在了竞选。共和党大力提倡民族主义，他们在他们的1860平台斥为叛国avowals的不统一威胁。新政府后，共和党的胜利，但在此之前于1861年3月4日，办公室，七个棉花国家宣布他们的分裂和加入，形成了美国南部邦联。即将卸任的总统詹姆斯·布坎南的管理和下届政府都反对分裂国家的合法性，考虑到它的叛乱。在这一点上，其他8个奴隶州拒绝分裂电话。世界上没有任何国家承认邦联。
as a result敌对行动开始，1861年4月12日，当南方军队袭击了美国南卡罗来纳州萨姆特堡的军事设施。林肯回应，要求从每个国家的志愿者大军夺回联邦的财产，这导致四个蓄奴州脱离声明。双方提出了军队作为联盟抓住控制边境各州在战争初期，建立了海上封锁。在东方的土地战是不确定的，在1861年至1862年，作为南部邦联打退半岛战役期间捕获的资本，里士满，弗吉尼亚州，特别是联盟的努力。在1862年9月，在马里兰州的同盟运动以失败告终，在Antietam争斗，英国劝阻干预。[2]天之后战斗，林肯颁布“解放宣言”，结束奴隶制的战争目标。[3]
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1863年，同盟将军罗伯特·李北进失败而告终，在葛底斯堡战役。到西部，联盟得到控制后，希洛和维克斯堡围攻战役，在两个分裂联邦和摧毁他们的西方军队的密西西比河。由于他的西方的成功，尤利塞斯格兰特于1864年东部军队的命令，和威廉Tecumh谢尔曼，菲利普Sheridan和其他组织的军队从四面八方攻击邦联，增加人手北的优势。批准重组的联盟军队，并把其他将军指挥军队的分裂，支持他推到弗吉尼亚。他反对李开复的几个战斗减员，通过陆上运动要抓住里士满，尽管面对激烈的抵抗，他改变了他的计划，导致接近完成关闭其余李的军队围困的圣彼得堡。同时，谢尔曼攻占亚特兰大，并游行到海，摧毁沿途的同盟基础设施。当保卫圣彼得堡同盟企图失败后，同盟军撤退，但被追求和被击败的，这导致在李的投降在Appomattox法院，1865年4月9日授予。
>remarkable
