English
[edit] Earlier
汤圆 英文L-vocalization occurred since Early Modern English in certain -al-and -ol- quences before coronal or velar consonants, or at the end of a word or morpheme. In the quences, /al/ became /awl/ and diphthonged to /ɑul/, while /ɔl/ became /ɔwl/ and diphthonged to /ɔ
ul/.
At the end of a word or morpheme, this produced all, ball, call, control, droll, extol, fall, gall, hall, knoll, mall, pall, poll, roll, scroll, small, squall, stall, stroll, swollen, tall, thrall, toll, troll and wall. The word shall did not follow this trend, and remains /ˈʃæl/ today.
Before coronal consonants, this produced Alderney, alter, bald, balderdash, bold, cold, fal, falter, fold, gold, halt, hold, malt, molten, mould/mold, old, palsy, salt, shoulder (earlier sholder), smolder, told, Wald, Walter and wold (in the n of "tract of land"). As with shall, the word shalt did not follow this trend, and remains /ˈʃælt/ today.
Before /k/, this produced balk, caulk/calk, chalk, Dundalk, falcon, folk, Polk, stalk, talk, walk and yolk.
Words like fault and vault did not undergo L-vocalization, but rather L-restoration, having previously been L-vocalized independently in Old French and lacking the /l/ in Middle English, but having it restored by Early Modern English. The word falcon existed simultaneously as homonyms fauco(u)n and falcon in Middle English. The word moult/molt never originally had /l/ to begin with, instead deriving from Middle English mout and related etymologically to mutate; the /l/ joined the word intrusively.
This L-vocalization established a pattern that would influence the spelling pronunciations of some relatively more recent loanwords like Balt, Malta, polder, waltz and Yalta. It also influenced English spelling reform efforts, explaining the American English mold and molt vs. the traditional mould and moult.
But certain words of more recent origin or coining do not have the change and retain short vowels, including Al, alcohol, bal, Cal, calcium, doll, gal, Hal, mal-, Moll, pal, Poll, Sal, talc, and Val.
人才 英语In most circumstances, the L-vocalization stopped here. But it continued in -alk and -olk words, with the /l/ disappearing entirely in most accents (with the notable exception of Hiberno-English). This change caud /ɑulk/ to become /ɑuk/, and /ɔulk/ to become /ɔuk/. Even outside Ireland, some of the
words have more than one pronunciation that retains the /l/ sound, especially in American English where spelling pronunciations caud partial or full reversal of L-vocalization in a handful of cas:
∙caulk/calk can be /ˈkɔːlk/ or /ˈkɔːk/.
∙falcon can be /ˈfælkən/, /ˈfɔːlkən/ or /ˈfɔːkən/.
∙yolk can be /ˈjoʊlk/ or /ˈjoʊk/. yoke as /ˈjoʊk/ is only conditionally homophonous.
The Great Vowel Shift changed the L-vocalized diphthongs to their prent pronunciations, with /ɑu/ becoming the monophthong /ɔː/, and /ɔu/ raising to /ou/.
whitecollar
The loss of /l/ in words spelt with -alf, -alm, -alve and -olm did not involve L-vocalization in the same n, but rather the elision of the consonant and usually the compensatory lengthening of the vowel.
[edit] Today
chinkedMore extensive L-vocalization is a notable feature of certain
dialects of English, including Cockney, Estuary English, New York English, New Zealand English, Pittsburgh and Philadelphia English, in which an /l/ sound occurring at the end of a word or before a consonant is pronounced as some sort of clo back vocoid, e.g., [w], [o] or [ʊ]. The resulting sound may not always be rounded. The preci phonetic quality varies. It can be heard occasionally in the dialect of the English East Midlands, where words ending in -old can be pronounced /oʊd/. Petyt (1985) noted this feature in the
半轴油封traditional dialect of West Yorkshire but said it has died out.[1] However, in recent decades l-vocalization has been spreading outwards
from London and the south east,[2][3] and it is probable that it will become the standard pronunciation in England over the next one hundred years.[4]
In Cockney, Estuary English and New Zealand English, l-vocalization can be accompanied by phonemic mergers of vowels before the vocalized /l/, so that real, reel and rill, which are distinct in most dialects of English, are homophones as [ɹɪw].
In the accent of Bristol, syllabic /l/ vocalized to /o/, resulting in pronunciations like /ˈbɒto/ (for bottle). By hypercorrection, however, some words originally ending in /o/ were given an /l/: the original name
of the town was Bristow, but this has been altered by hypercorrection to Bristol.[5]
opena
African-American Vernacular English dialects may have L-vocalization as well. However, in the dialects, it may be omitted altogether (e.g. fool becomes [fuː]. Some English speakers from San Francisco - particularly tho of Asian ancestry - also vocalize or omit /l/.[6]
[edit] Middle Scots
In early 15th century Middle Scots /al/ (except intervocalically and before /d/), /ol/ and often /ul/ changed to /au/, /ou/ and /uː/. For example all changed to aw, colt to cowt, ful to fou (full) and the rare exception hald to haud (hold).
圣诞节 英文[edit] Dutch
This ction requires expansion. (September 2012)
In early Middle Dutch, /ul/, /ol/ and /al/ merged and vocalid to
/ou/ before a dental consonant (/d/ or /t/). This resulted in, for example:
∙oud "old" < ald
∙hout "wood" < holt
∙Wouter, a name < Walter
The combination /yl/, which was derived from /ol/ or /ul/ through umlaut, was not affected by this change. This resulted in
alternations that still survive in modern Dutch:
∙goud "gold", but gulden "golden"
∙schout "sheriff", but schuld "guilt, debt"
Ablaut variations of the same root also caud alternations, with some forms prerving the /l/ and others losing it:
mogic
∙houden "to hold", past ten hield
∙wouden "wanted" < wolden, past ten of willen "to want"
Analogy has caud it to be restored in some cas, however:
pressures∙wilden reformed next to older wouden
∙gelden "to apply", past ten golden, earlier gouden
[edit] Swiss German
In Berne German, a historical /l/ in coda position has become [w],
a historical /lː/ (only occurring intervocalically) has become /wː/, whereas intervocalic /l/ persists. The abnce of vocalization was
one of the distinctive features of the upper class variety which is
not much spoken anymore. For example, the German name of the city of Biel is pronounced [ˈb iəw].
This type of vocalization of /l/, however, such as [sɑwts] for Salz,
is a phenomenon recently spreading in many Western Swiss German dialects, with the Emmental as centre.
[edit] Romance languages
∙Neapolitan shows a pattern similar to French, where [l] is vocalized, especially after [a]. For example, vulgar Latin
altu > àutə; alter > àutə; calza > cauzétta (with diminutive
suffix). In many areas the vocalized [l] has evolved further
into a syllabic [v], thus àvətə, cavəzetta.
∙West Iberian languages such as Spanish and Portugue had similar changes to tho of French, though they were less
common; for example Latin alter became autro and later otro (es)
or outro (pt), while caldus remained caldo, and there were also some less standard shifts, like vultur to buitre (es) or abutre
(pt).
o In Brazilian Portugue, historical [ɫ] (/l/ in the
syllable coda) has become [u ~ ʊ] (the vowels /u/ and
/i/ only have [ʊ] and [ɪ] as allophones in southern
dialects, such as that of São Paulo) for most dialects,
including all urban, metropolitan ones. For example, the
words mau (bad as a state of being, poor, wrong,
mischievous) and mal (bad as a quality, evil, ill, hurt,
harm) are both pronounced [ˈmaw], while in European
Portugue the latter is pronounced [ˈmaɫ]. This
homophonous pair is clearly distinguishable by context,
though: the opposite of mau is bom (good as in good and
bad taste) [ˈbõː], while the opposite of mal is bem
(good as in good versus evil) [ˈbẽ ȷ].
[edit] French
In pre-Modern French, [l] vocalized to [w] in certain positions: ∙between a vowel and a consonant, as in Vulgar Latin caldum "warm, hot" > Old French chaud /tʃaud/
∙after a vowel at the end of a word, as in Vulgar Latin bellu(m) > Old French bel > Old French beau /be au/
"beautiful" (masculine singular; compare the feminine bele /bɛl
ə/, in which the l occurred between vowels and did not vocalize)
By another sound change, the diphthongs resulting from L-vocalization were simplified to monophthongs:
∙Modern French chaud [ʃo]
∙Modern French beau [bo] (belle [bɛl])
[edit] Slavic languages
godbless∙In Bulgarian, young people often pronounce the [L] of the standard language as [w] or [o], especially in an informal
context. For example, pronunciations which could be transcribed
