胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表
1. 语言的普遍特征：
任意性arbitrariness
双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构
多产性productivity
移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西
文化传播性cultural transmission
2。语言的功能：
传达信息功能informative
人济功能：interpersonal
行事功能：Performative
picnic是什么意思表情功能：Emotive
寒暄功能：Phatic
娱乐功能recreatinal
元语言功能 metalingual
3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支
语音学Phonetics
音位学 phonology
形态学 Morphology
句法学 syntax
语义学 mantics
语用学 pragmatics
4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure
busy什么意思
提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语
5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky
提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance
1. Which of the following statements can be ud to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:
a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language
b. we can u both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.
c. we can u language to refer to something not prent
d. we can produce ntences that have never been heard before.
2.What is the most important function of language?
a. interpersonal
b. phatic
c. informative
d.metallingual
3.The function of the ntence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __
a informative
b. phatic
c. directive
d. performative
4.The distinction between competence and performance is propod by __
a saussure
b. halliday
c. chomsky
d. the prague schoolscapegoat
5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?
nht
a. saussure
chartered bankb. chomsky
c. halliday
d anomymous
第二节 语音学
1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成
2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.
3.辅音的发音方式
爆破音 complete obstruction
鼻音 nasals
破裂音 plosives
部分阻塞辅音 partial obstruction
擦音 fricatives
破擦音 affricates等
4.辅音清浊特征voicing
辅音的送气特征 aspiration
5.元音vowelwinsys
分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状
6双元音 diphthongs,有元音过渡 vowel glides
1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.
a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech
b. the perception of sounds
c. the combination of sounds
d. the production of sounds
2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __
a. the place of articulation
b.the obstruction f airstream
c. the position of the tongue
d. the shape of the lips
3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k t
a. voiceless
b. spread
c.voiced
d.nasal
4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in plea and the p in speak?
a. voicing
b. aspiration
c.roundness替考>九九乘法口诀表
d. nasality
5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?
a. voicing
b.nasal
c. approximation
d. aspiration
6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __
a. voiced stop
b. voiceless stop
c. voiced fricative
d. voiceless fricative
7.p is divverent from k in __
a. the manner of articulation
b. the shape of the lips
c. the vibration of the vocal cords
d.the palce of articualtion
8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __
a. aspiration
b.nasality
萃聚c. obstruction
d. voicing
第三节 音位学 phonology
1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
2.音位phoneme：最小语音单位
3.音位变体allophones:读音差别
4.对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，
5.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气p绝不会出现在s之后，不送气的p绝不会出现在词首
6.音节syllable，分为节首ont，节峰peak，节尾coda
7.辅音群:一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过4个
8.最小语音对minimal pairs
文明美德
I. Introduction
1. What is Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
2. What is Linguistics(语言学)
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics
3.1 Speech and Writing
One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and us that speech does not have.
3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analys facts obrved; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.
3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.
