毕业设计英语听力 mp3(论文)外文资料翻译
系 别 计算机信息与技术系
专 业 计算机科学与技术
恐龙的英语
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外文出处dowcorning
附 件 1. 原文； 2. 译文
james taylor 2012年3月hillcrest
History of computing
Main article: History of computing hardware
北京计算机培训The first u of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations.
protestLimited-function early computers
The Jacquard loom, on display at the Muum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England, was one of the first programmable devices.
The history of the modern computer begins with two parate technologies, automated calculation and programmability, but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly becau of the inconsistent application of that term. A few devices are worth mentioning though, like some mechanical aids to computing, which were very successful and survived for centuries until the advent of the electronic calculator, like the
Sumerian abacus, designed around 2500 BC of which a descendant won a speed competition against a modern desk calculating machine in Japan in 1946, the slide rules, invented in the 1620s, which were carried on five Apollo space missions, including to the moon and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient astronomical computer built by the Greeks around 80 BC. The Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when. This is the esnce of programmability.
Around the end of the 10th century, the French monk Gerbert d'Aurillac brought back from Spain the drawings of a machine invented by the Moors that answered either Yes or No to the questions it was asked. Again in the 13th century, the monks Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon built talking androids without any further development.
In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator, a device that co非谓语动词练习题
uld perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on human intelligence. The mechanical calculator was at the root of the development of computers in two parate ways. Initially, it was in trying to develop more powerful and more flexible calculators that the computer was first theorized by Charles Babbage and then developed. Secondly, development of a low-cost electronic calculator, successor to the mechanical calculator, resulted in the development by Intel of the first commercially available microprocessor integrated circuit.
世界杯举办地First general-purpo computers
旗开得胜 英文版
In 1801, Joph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom by introducing a ries of punched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers becau the u of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.
In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable
mechanical computer, his analytical engine. Limited finances and Babbage's inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never completed ; nevertheless his son, Henry Babbage, completed a simplified version of the analytical engine's computing unit (the mill) in 1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its u in computing tables in 1906. This machine was given to the Science muum in South Kensington in 1910.
In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a machine-readable medium. Earlier us of machine-readable media had been for control, not data. "After some initial trials with paper tape, he ttled on punched cards ..." To process the punched cards he invented the tabulator, and the keypunch machines. The three inventions were the foundation of the modern information processing industry. Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the 1890 United States Census by Hollerith's company, which later became the core of IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of ideas and technologies, that would later prove uful in the realization of practical computers, had begun to appear: Boolean algebra, the vacuum tu
be (thermionic valve), punched cards and tape, and the teleprinter.
During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which ud a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, the were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.
Alan Turing is widely regarded as the father of modern computer science. In 1936 Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. Of his role in the creation of the modern computer, Time magazine in naming Turing one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, states: "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine".
