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Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination
By Bill Kohlmeyer, MSW, LMHC
Group Identity: Us Versus Them
广告设计制作专业Stereotyping
At the very root of prejudice is a stereotype, a generalization about a group’s characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to the next. The are fixed, conventional ideas about groups of people or schemas about personalities bad on too little information or one fixed trait that can lead to prejudice. We are trying to make n of the world around us by categorizing and evaluating groups. This is an esntial attribution process in the development of a lf-identity ingrained in our consciousness from childhood.
学韩语的网站Think about your image of a dedicated accountant. Most of us would probably describe such a person as quiet, boring, unsociable, and so on. Rarely would we come up with a me
ntal image of this person as extraverted, the life of the party, or artistic. But characterizing all accountants as introverts is a clear example of a stereotype. Some accountants may be rerved, but at least some are likely to be very outgoing and sociable.
Rearchers have found that we are less likely to detect variations among individuals who belong to “other” groups than among individuals who belong to “our” group. For example, studies of eyewitness identification have found that Whites tend to stereotype African Americans more than other Whites during eyewitness identification. What might be occurring is the tendency to view members of one’s own group as having heterogeneous and desirable qualities and to view the members of other groups as having homogeneous and undesirable qualities.activities是什么意思
Although stereotyping can be harmful, we should keep in mind that all people stereotype. People u categories or schemas, when thinking about groups, group affiliation and individuals from tho groups. Thus we might engage in stereotyping without being aware of it. The main problem is not that we u the categories but that we limit our per
ception of others to the rough outlines of the schema; we do not add specific information about an individual’s characteristics. In addition, we may develop bias against whole groups of people.
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Emotional arousal can be implicated in incread stereotyping. Anger can especially intensify stereotyping by producing irrational and biad judgments of people.
搏动stvDamage of stereotypes on the beholder:
The depth and accuracy of our perception of others is limited.
The depth and breadth of our curiosity and understanding becomes limited.
The possibility and range of our potential pool of friendships becomes limited.
We may internalize a stereotype leading to lowered lf-esteem.
There can become an internalized n of paration and isolation from others bad in the inherent defensiveness of “us” and “them” thinking.
The cognitive structures of stereotyping can lead directly to the emotional content of Prejudice.
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高一英语课程Understanding the antagonism that develops between groups requires knowledge about prejudice and the stereotyping and discrimination that often accompany it. Like most people, you probably do not consider yourlf as prejudiced. But, in fact, each of us has prejudices. Prejudice is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual bad on the individual’s membership in a group. It is a preconceived opinion, feeling, or attitude either positive or negative that is formed without adequate information. Strongest negative emotions are held for groups rather than individuals. Gordon Allport in his book The Nature of Prejudice writes: “irritation or anger is customarily felt toward individuals only, whereas true hatred may be felt toward a whole class of people.”
Prejudice, as a worldwide phenomenon, has en many eruptions of hatred in human history. The Taliban were so prejudiced against women that they tried to make them invisible. Serbs were so prejudiced against Bosnians that they pursued a policy of “ethnic cleansing”. Hutus in Rwanda were so prejudiced against Tutsis that they went on a murderous rampage, hacking off their arms and legs with machetes. European American
s were so prejudiced against the Native Americans that they systematically robbed them of their property and lf-respect, killed them, and herded the survivors like animals onto rervations. When Africans were brought to America as slaves they were considered property and treated inhumanely. In fact, virtually every social group, including gays, lesbians, old, young, disabled, addicted, have been the victim of prejudice at one time or another.
Why do people develop prejudice? Among the reasons given by social psychologists are the following:
Individual personality: Some years ago social psychologist Theodor Adorno and his colleagues (1950) described the Authoritarian Personality typified by strict adherence to conventional ways of behaving, aggression against people who violate conventional norms, rigid thinking, and exaggerated submission to authority. He believed that individuals with an authoritarian personality are likely to be prejudiced. However, not all individuals who harbor prejudice have this authoritarian personality.
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Competition between groups: Feelings of hostility and prejudice can develop when a society does not have enough jobs, land, power, status or any number of other material or social resources to go around. Given the historical distribution of resources in a particular society, certain groups may regularly be involved in competing with each other and this is more likely to develop prejudice toward each other. For instance, immigrants often compete with established low-income members of a society for jobs, leading to persistent conflict between the two groups.
