Chapter 7 Sen Relations Between Words
roaring■ 7」Synonymy同义关系
■ 成都夏令营7.2 Antonymy反义关系
■ 7.3 Hyponymy上下义关系
■ 7.4 Semantic Field 语义场
7.1 Synonymy
Synonyms: words differing in sound fonn but identical or similar in meaning.
* Synonymy: a relationship of 'sameness of meaning5 that may hold between two words. Synonym: a word that means the same as anothe匚
*Or exactly one of two or more words which have the same or very nearly the same esntial meaning.
• Kinds of synonyms
There are two kinds of synonyms
1) Complete synonyms: are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.
*They're rare.
Two words are totally synonyms only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative ,affective and stylistic meanings . Eg. spirants fricative (phonetics ) 椅子的英语单词caecitis -typhlitis (medicine ) vvord-formation - word-building (lexicology )
2) Relative synonyms : also called quasi-synonyms.
Differ from complete synonyms in the following respects:
a) In degree of a given quality or in shade of meaning;
Eg. small .tiny .diminutive .minute .microscopic .infinitesimal -一they denote different degrees of smallness
anger .rage 9fuiy .indignation .wrath -they denote the emotional excitement induced by inten displeasure .
b) In affective meaning, and stylistic meaning;
i. affective meaning(emotive meaning )delete怎么读
Eg. little -small
little -emotion is associate with the designation
small -has no affective meaning
thrifty /frugal -niggardly /mirly black -nigger
ii. stylistic meaning: words which refers to the same thing but belong to different stylistic l
全国统考ayers :neutral (common ),colloquial,literary ,slang ,vulgar ,scientific and technical ,ect・ Eg. chide (literary )
berate (neutral ) x masscold (neutral) blame (neutral) carpet (colloquial ,esp. BrE) 缺席英语tell ^(colloquial) bawl out (AmE.,slang )
c) In collocation and distribution:
Eg. pretty -girl /child /flower /garden /colour /village/cottage
handsome -boy /masterpiece /car /table /overcoat /airliner /hou
d) Some ts of synonyms belong to different dialects of the language
• Synonymous patterns
a) The double scale pattern
Eg・
Native | Latin |
friendship | amity |
help 沛沛 | aid |
inner | conceal |
same | identical |
| |
b) The triple scale pattern
Eg・
Native | French | Latin |
ask | question | interrogate |
fire | flame | conflagration |
fear | terror | trepidation |
goodness | virtue | probity |
holy | sacred | concrated |
| | |
• The choice and appropriate u of synonyms
1) Difference in denotation
Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity of meaning・ Some words have a wider range of meaning than others.
comprehend / understand
extend / increa / expand
lau^h: chortle, chuckle, giggle, guffaw, snicker/sniper, titter
2) Difference in connotation.
By connotation, we mean the stylistic and emotive coloring of words. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic (emotional) appropriateness.
unlike / dissimilar homely / domestic
Look at that lovely little boy.
Look at that small boy.
Look at that tiny boy.
3) Difference in application.
Many words are synonymous in meaning but different in usage in simple
4) Difference in application
Many words are synonymous in meaning but different in usage in simple terms. They form different collocations and fit into different ntence patterns (distribution: pre- or post- modifier).
empty (box, street, room), vacant (at, chair, apartment), blank (check, a blank sheet of paper) f, with, rebuke梅花鹿的英文・.・for, with/for
水synonyms also includes three other aspects:
(1) synonyms of different word-class (jealous -jealousy)
(2) words synonymous with phras (to tolerate -to put up with )
(3) different ntence patterns expressing roughly the same idea
eg. He was the sole provider of the family •
疯子的英文
He alone had to support the family .
He was the only person to provide for the family .
7-2 Antonymy反义关系
Antonyms: words which are opposite in meaning.(opDOsiteness of meaning )
• Types of antonyms
A. antonyms classified on the basis of mantic contrast
a) Contraries相对反义词
Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable.
-hot, warm, cool, cold
-beautiful, pretty, good-looking, plain, ugly
- old-young, open-clo, big-small, poor-rich
