The statement of the problem
The major threats to the health, productivity and biodiversity of the marine environment result from human activities on land - in coastal areas and further inland. Municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes and run-off account for as much as 80% of all marine pollution. Sewage and waste water, persistent organic pollutants (including pesticides), heavy metals, oils, nutrients and diments-whether brought by rivers or discharged directly into coastal areas-take a vere toll on human health and well-being as well as on coastal ecosystems. The result is more carcinogens in afood, more clod beaches, more red tides, and more beached carcass of abirds, fish and even marine mammals. The marine environment is also threatened by physical alterations of the coastal zone, including destruction of habitats of vital importance to maintain ecosystem health. Prently, about one billion people are living in coastal urban centers.
同声传译是什么意思Estimates show that almost 50 % of the world’s coasts are threatened by development-related activities. The health, well-being and, in some other cas, the very survival of coastal populations depends upon the health and well-being of coastal systems such as estuaries and wetlands. In respon to the major problems, governments, intergovernmental organizations, the UN system, and civil society organizations have declared their commitment to protect and prerve the marine environ
ment from the adver environmental impacts of land-bad activities.
In 1974, the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) established the Regional Seas Programme to address the accelerating degradation of the world’s oceans and coastal areas through the sustainable management and u of the marine and coastal environment, by engaging neighboring countries in comprehensive and specific actions to protect their shared marine
environment. In 1982, the UNEP started addressing issues related to the impacts on the marine environment from land-bad activities. The波士顿法律
culmination of 13 years of preparatory work led to the adoption of the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-bad Activities (GPA) in 1995. Today, the GPA is supported by 108 governments. The Second Intergovernmental Review Meeting of the GPA (IGR-2), which will take place in Beijing, China from 16-20 October 2006, is expected to adopt the GPA’s Programme of Work 2007-2011, and provide additional political guidance to address problems relating to land-bad sources of marine pollution.
History and Past actions
THE GLOBAL PROGRAMME OF ACTION In 1995 the global community adopted the GPA through the Washington Declaration. The GPA is a comprehensive programme, aimed at mitigating and preventing the
百度在线英语翻译degradation of the coastal and marine environment caud by land-bad activities. The GPA aims to facilitate “the realization of the duty of states to prerve and protect the marine environment. It is designed to assist states in taking actions. “ Designed to be an information
clearinghou and a central resource for national governments, the GPA has five goals:
1)identify the sources and impacts of land-bad sources of marine pollution;
2)identify priority problems for action; 3) t management objectives for the problem areas; 4) develop strategies to achieve the objectives; 5) and evaluate the impacts of the strategies. The GPA invites governments to asss their respective problems,identify priorities for action, develop strategies, monitor implementation and t as their common goal sustained and effective action to deal with all land-bad impacts upon the marine environment, specifically tho resulting from the nine pollutant source categories, as defined by the GPA: wage, persistent organic pollutants, radioactive substances, heavy metals, oils (hydrocarbons), nutrients, diment mobilization, litter, an
d the physical alteration and destruction of habitats. GPA National Programmes: A key component of the GPA framework is the development and implementation of National Programmes of Action (NPA). The programmes provide a comprehensive yet flexible framework, to assist countries in fulfilling their duty to prerve and protect the marine environment from the major GPA pollution categories. The framework operates from the premi that action at the national level should build upon existing national priorities, policies and development plans. Targeted supported is provided to countries to mobilize domestic and international resources for the implementation of the NPA and to reinforce the NPA through the review/enactment of national legislations and
regulations. Over 70 countries are developing or have completed their NPAs: 15 NPAs have been completed, 27 are under way and 32 have been initiated. REGIONAL SEAS PROGRAMME For over 30 years, the UNEP Regional Seas Programmes has supported the sound environmental management of the oceans by assisting countries sharing a common body of water to coordinate and implement joint actions. The Regional Seas programmes function through Action Plans. In most cas the Action Plans are underpinned by a legal framework in the form of a regional Convention and associated Protocols on specific problems. Today, more than 140 countries participate in 13 Regional Seas programmes established under the auspices of UNEP: the Black Sea, Wider Caribbe
an, East Africa, south East Asia, ROPME Sea Area, Mediterranean, North-East Pacific, North-West Pacific, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, South Asia, South-E Pacific, South Pacific, and West and Central Africa. Six of there programmes are directly administered by UNEP. There are also numerous global and regional conventions and events relate to the protection of the marine environment from land-bad activities, including:
1974 Mediterranean, The regional as Conventions and related Protocols (e.g. North Sea,
1976 Kuwait region, 1978; South-East Pacific, 1981; Wider Caribbean, 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) UNEP started addressing issues related to impacts on the marine environment from land-bad activities
1985 Montreal Guidelines for the Protection of the Marine Environment Against
Pollution from Land-bad Sources
马里奥 蒙蒂1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) and Agenda 21
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
dreidel
1995
reflect
UNEP Governing Council decisions 18/31 and 18/32 pertaining to the Washington Conference and persistent organic pollutants (POP’s)
Adoption of the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-bad Activities and adoption of the Washington Declaration Jakarta Mandate on the Programme of Action for Marine and Coastal Biodiversity within the CBD
1996
GPA Implementation Plan prented to the Commission on
Sustainable Development (CSD-4)
United Nations General Asmbly resolution 51/189 on the institutional arrangements for the implementation of the GPA
1997
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1998
UNEP Governing Council decision 19/14 on global and regional GPA implementation Establishment and operationalization of the UNEP/GPA Coordination Office in The Hague, The Netherlands
Overfishing
Fishing is central to the livelihood and food curity of 200 million people, especially in the developing world, while one of five people on this planet depends on fish as the primary source of protein. According to UN agencies, aquaculture - the farming and stocking of aquatic
organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants - is growing more rapidly than all other animal food producing ctors. But amid facts and figures about aquaculture’s soar ing worldwide production rates, other,more sobering, statistics reveal that global main marine fish stocks are in jeopardy,increasingly pressured by overfishing and environmental degradation.“Overfishing cannot continue,” warned Nitin Desai, Secretary Gene ral of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, which took place in Johannesburg.
“The depletion of fisheries pos a major threat to the food supply of millions of people.” The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation calls for the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which many experts believe may hold the key to conrving and boosting fish stocks. Y et, according
to the UN Environment Programme’s (UNEP) World Conrvation Monitoring Centre, in Cambridge, UK, less than one per cent of the world’s oceans and as are currently in MPAs.
The magnitude of the problem of overfishing is often overlooked, given the competing claims of deforestation, dertification, energy resource exploitation and other biodiversity depletion dilemmas. The rapid growth in demand for fish and fish
products is leading to fish prices increasing faster than prices of meat. As a result, fisheries investments have become more attractive to both entrepreneurs and governments, much to the detriment of small-scale fishing and fishing communities all over the world. In the last decade, in the north Atlantic region, commercial fish populations of cod, hake, haddock and flounder have fallen by as much as 95%, prompting calls for urgent measures. Some are even recommending zero catches to allow for regeneration of stocks, much to the ire of the fishing industry.
According to a Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimate, over 70% of the world’s fish species are either fully exploited or depleted. The dramatic increa o f destructive fishing techniques worldwide destroys marine mammals and entire ecosystems. FAO reports that illegal,
unreported and unregulated fishing worldwide appears to be increasing as fishermen ek to avoid s
potentially
tricter rules in many places in respon to shrinking catches and declining fish stocks. Few, if any, developing countries and only a limited number of developed ones are on track to put into effect by this year the International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Despite that fact that each region has its Regional Sea Conventions, and some 108 governments and the European Commission have adopted the UNEP Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land bad Activities; oceans are cleared at twice the rate of forests.
The Johannesburg forum stresd the importance of restoring depleted fisheries and acknowledged that sustainable fishing requires
partnerships by and between governments, fishermen, communities and ind ustry. It urged countries to ratify the Convention on the Law of the Sea and other instruments that promote maritime safety and protect the environment from marine pollution and environmental damage by ships. Only a multilateral approach can counterbalance the rate of depletion of the world’s fisheries which has incread more than four times in the past 40 years.
Pollution
zeidanThe world’s marine environment is increasingly polluted with wage and agricultural waste and littered with trash. According to a report by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), relead in 2006, found that this rising pollution was having rious adver health, economic and environmental impacts and warned that reversing cour would not be easy. The report has been com piled by UNEP’s global program of action (GPA) for protection of the marine environment. The findings will be given to more than 60 national governments attending an intergovernmental review of the 10 year-old GPA initiative in Beijing, China, from October 16-20. "An estimated 80 per cent of marine pollution originates from the land and this could ri significantly by 2050 if, as expected, coastal populations double in just over 40 years time and action to combat pollution is not accelerated," said UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner. "We have a long way to go politically, technically and financially if we are to hand over healthy and productive as and oceans to the next
generation." UNEP’s State of the Marine Environment report also notes rising concern over the increasing damage and destruction of esntial and economically important coastal ecosystems, including mangrove forests, coral reefs and a grass beds.
Over half of the wastewater entering the Mediterranean Sea is untreated. (Photo courtesy Greenpeace) Furthermore, wage may be "the most
rious problem" facing the marine environment, in part becau it is the area where the least progress has been made. In many developing countries more than 80 percent of wage entering the coastal zones is estimated to be raw and untreated. Increasing coastal populations, inadequate treatment infrastructure and waste handling facilities are all
contributing to the problem. Fixing the global wage problem could cost at least $56 billion. The number of coastal dead zones has doubled every decade since 1960. This ri is directly linked to the ri in nitrogen and phosphorous from agricultural runoff, wage and fossil fuel burning. Marine litter comes from an array of sources, including municipal, industrial, medial, fishing boats and shipping discharges. Destruction and changes to marine habitats are the direct result of increasing coastal population - some 40 percent of the world’s population lives on the costal fringe, which is just over 7 percent of the land. The average population density in the coastal zone ro is t to ri from 77 people persquare kilometer in 1990 to 115 in 2025. The growth, in terms of more ttlements, overu of marine resources, pollution and damage and loss of ecosystems, is having rious impacts, the report said. Clo to 90 percent of coral reefs in Southeast Asia are threatened by human activity and the region’s mangroves - important for coastal defen and fisheries - are under assault from aquaculture ponds and agriculture. Children in Manila Bay, Philippines, collecting litter in the harbor area. (Photo courtesy UNEP)
Wetlands are being filled in across the world. Clo to a third of North America’s wetlands have been lost to urban development with agriculture claiming a further quarter, and some 50 percent of wetlands in southern and western Africa have been destroyed. Admittedly, there is some good news which is about the progress on cutting radioactive waste dumping as well as oil and chemical pollution: The amount of oil entering the marine environment has fallen more than 60 percent since the mid-1980s, according to a report from UNEP. The progress is mixed on controlling heavy metals, and diment mobilization.
Some coastlines, once fed by regular amounts of diments by rivers, are shrinking becau the soils are being trapped by barrages upstream, while others are suffering for the opposite reason, as artificially high amounts of diments are choking a grass beds, silting up coral reefs and clogging up other important habitats and coastal ecosystems. However, there are veral areas in need of "urgent attention," including the continued impact of dams, new streams of chemicals and the state of coastal and freshwater wetlands. Countries are warned that global warming could cau a levels to ri, increa the acidification of the oceans and bring a slew of other changes to the marine environment, particularly the Arctic.
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