Irony （反语）:
所谓反语，就是说反话。
即说话人或作者要表达的意思却是字面上的反面意思。
这种辞格有时带有讽刺的意味，有时只表示一种善意的幽默。
有人认为Irony就是讽刺，这是一种误解，因为进行讽刺不一定说反话，而说反话只是讽刺的手法之一。
A contradiction of expectation between what is said and what is meant or an
incongruity (不谐调) between what might be expected and what actually occurs;
often connected to a fatalistic or pessimistic view of life.
The main three types are dramatic, verbal, situational.
1. Dramatic Irony:
A situation in which the audience knows something about prent or future
circumstances that the character does not know.
< --Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare:
When Romeo finds Juliet in a drugged sleep, he assumes her to be dead and kills himlf. Upon awakening to find her dead lover beside her, Juliet then kills herlf.
--When watching a talk show, the audience knows why a person has been brought on the show. However, the person sitting in a chair does not know that he is going to be reunited with a former lover. This adds to the suspen and humor of the show.
2. Verbal Irony(词义反语):
A contradiction of expectation between what is said and what is meant .tj是什么意思
< --You are arguing with your mother, who reprimands （申斥，训斥）you for being "smart." Your reply is a sarcastic, "If you think I am smart, then why won't you let me make some smart decisions?"
--Your boyfriend shows up in ripped-up (划破的) jeans and a stained t-shirt. With a smirk, you say, "Oh! I e you dresd up for our date. We must be going to a posh （高档的）restaurant."
3. Situational Irony (情景式反语):
A contradiction of expectation between what might be expected and what actually occurs often connected to a fatalistic or pessimistic view of life.
< --You stay up all night studying for a test. When you go to class, you discover the test is not until the next day.
--Macbeth by William Shakespeare:
The witches (女巫) predict one thing, which happens to come true but Macbeth often misinterprets their words.
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Coleridge:
Water, water, everywhere,
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, everywhere,
Nor any drop to drink.
(In this example it is ironic that water is everywhere but none of it can be drunk.) Sarcasm (讽刺，挖苦)：
指用尖酸刻薄的讽刺话，既可用反语、比喻，也可用直叙法对个人的缺点、过失或社会上的丑恶现象及黑暗而进行讽刺、挖苦，常是有意伤害他人的感情，所以它常含有相当强的贬义。
< Laws are like cobwebs, which catch small flies, but let wasps and hornets break
through. 法律像蜘蛛网一样，能捉住小苍蝇，却让胡风、黄蜂钻过去了。
(Swift用比喻来讽刺当时的法律不公正。)
Seeing a bad accident occur and remarking with no feeling in one's voice, "Oh, how lovely." would be considered a standard form of sarcasm.
“There is doubt about that,” Darrow snor ted.
(=Darrow said scornfully that it was doubtful whether man had reasoning power.) 达罗轻蔑地说：“对于这一点还有人怀疑呢。”
（Darrow用直叙法来讽刺、挖苦原教旨主义者没有思维能力。）
Sarcasm一般是用句子或话语表示讽刺意义，而且不一定要说反话；
Irony一般是用单词或短语表示讽刺或幽默，而且一定是说反话。会计证培训
Ridicule（嘲笑，嘲弄）：
用开玩笑或贬低的方法来引起人们对某人某事的轻视、嘲笑、厌恶等感情。它常用来揭示某人、某事可笑的外表或狼狈的处境或者愚蠢的行为，产生一种轻视、贬低、嘲弄、丑化事物的修辞效果。
< Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.
(= Bryan wiped the sweat off his bald head in silence.)
布赖恩擦了擦秃头上的汗珠，没有作声。
（作者嘲笑布赖恩失败时的狼狈处境。）
The hou detective’s piggy eyes surveyed her sardonically from his gross jowled face.
这个脸上堆满肥肉的探长用他那对臃肿的小眼睛讥讽地打量了她一下。
（作者嘲笑奥格尔维的贪婪外表。）
Ridicule以某人某事可笑的外表、举止或狼狈处境为笑柄进行嘲笑，以达到轻视、贬低、丑化某人或事物的目的。
Satire （讽刺）：
指用散文、诗歌、戏剧、小说、电影等文学作品形式，综合运用反语法或挖苦、谩骂、嘲笑、讽刺等手法，对个人或社会的愚昧、过失或丑恶加以揭露、抨击和批判。
< Quite right, the laws are turnpikes （高速公路）, only made to stop people who walk
on foot, and not to interrupt tho who drive through them in their coaches.
对极了，法律是高速公路，只能挡住那些用腿走路的人，但却挡不住那些在路上
开车的人。
言外之意是什么意思
（Fielding 在这里用比喻讽刺当时的法律不公正。）
Fools had ne’er less grave in a year, (这年头傻瓜供过于求，)
For wi men are grown foppish, (聪明人个个变了糊涂，)
And know not how their wits to wear, (顶着个没有思想的头，)
Their manners are so apish. (只会跟着人依样画葫芦。)
(Shakespeare: King Lear)
（作者在这里嘲讽了那种没有思想，只能像猿猴一样跟在别人后面亦步亦趋的傻瓜。）
Sarcasm, Ridicule, Satire:
leaSarcasm 是以话语对个人或社会的弊病、过失和黑暗而进行讽刺、挖苦；
Ridicule 是以短语等形式对某人某事的可笑外表和狼狈处境加以嘲笑，以贬低某人或事物；
aled with a kissSatire是以文学作品形式，采取挖苦、嘲笑、讲反语等手段，揭露、讽刺、批判个人或社会的愚昧、过失或罪恶。
Figures of speech
⏹simile
雅思考试真题⏹metaphor
⏹metonymy
⏹synecdoche
⏹onomatopoeia
罗列的意思⏹oxymoron
⏹personification
⏹hyperbole
vaccine
⏹euphemism
⏹alliteration
⏹punannexation
⏹antithesis
学习网
⏹transferred epithet
⏹repetition
⏹parallelism
⏹anticlimax
⏹allusion
