Definition:
1)Heroic couplet: A pair of rhyming lines in iambic pentametre. Ud as early as Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, it was the dominant form of poetry in the Restoration and the 18th century. The master of the form is Alexander Pope (An Essay on Criticism).
2)Blank ver: V er written in unrhymed iambic pentametre. (Surrey)Introduced into English poetry in the 16th century, it has become the standard form for Renaissance drama, and employed by John Milton in his Paradi Lost.
3)Tragedy: Dramatic works in which events move to a fatal or disastrous conclusion. Tragedy often portrays the main character’s struggle agains t fate, his enemy, or forces in society, and his life, despite the disastrous ending, reprents something significant.(William Shakespeare: Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear)
4)Soliloquy: The speech by a dramatic character when he speaks alone on stage. When a soliloquy is delivered, the character appears to be thinking aloud, thereby communicating his inner thoughts and feelings to the audience. (Shakespeare: Hamlet)
5)Epic: A long narrative poem in rious style, celebrating the adventures and achievements of legendary tribal or national heroes. Homer’s Odysy is the most famous and influential epic in western literature. Beowulf is an epic written in Old English, concerning the legendary adventures of the Anglo-Saxon hero Beowulf.
6)Ode: A lyric poem that address a certain person or treats a theme in a dignified and rious manner. In its Greek origins, odes were written to commemorate victories, and sung by a chorus. The form later developed to cover a wide range of themes, and could be ud to convey personal feelings. It is a form favored by the Romantic poets, and John Keat’s odes (To the Nightingale, To Psyche, To Autumn) are among the most memorable.
7)Sonnet: A lyric poem with fourteen lines, divided into two, three, or four ctions. There are many rhyming patterns for sonnets, and in English they are usually written in iambic pentametre. Since its origins in the 12th-century Italy, it has been one of the
发音 英文
most popular poetic forms. Among the famous English sonnet writers are Shakespeare, Donne, Wordsworth, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning.
8)Lyric: Poetry concerned with a specific feeling or attitude of the speaker in the poem, who may not
nontoxicnecessarily be the poet him/herlf. Originally designed for musical accompaniment, it has evolved to include a wide range of poetic forms, including the sonnet, ode and elegy.
9)Gothic novel: A type of fiction that employs mystery, terror, horror, suspen, and sometimes the supernatural as its conventional elements. Horace Walpole’s the castle of Otranto is considered to be the work that established the tradition of this form. 10)Stream of consciousness: Narrative technique which attempts to render the consciousness of a character by reprenting as directly as possible the flow of the feelings, thoughts and impressions. The term ―interior monologue‖ is also sometimes ud. Writers typically known for the employment of this technique are Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and the American novelists William Faulkner.
Iambic Pentameter: ―Iambic‖ is the most common rhythm in English poetry, consisting of one unstresd syllable followed by a stresd syllable, as in the word ―repeat‖. Iambic pentameter is a line of a poetry which consists of five iambics, as this line from Pope’s An Essay on Man: ―The proper study of mankind is man.‖
Paraphra:
1)Chaucer: “The Prioress”
THE PRIORESS T RANSLATION
Also there was a nun, a PRIORESS 还有个修女是修道院长，
And she went smiling, innocent and coy; 满面的笑容诚挚又温和。
The greatest oath she swore was by Saint Loy; 她效法圣罗伊从不发誓，
And she was known as Madame Eglentine. 起了个芳名叫玫瑰女士。
Full well she sang the rvices divine, 礼拜式上唱颂歌动听优美，
Intoning through her no right prettily, 浑圆的鼻音平添一分韵味。
And fair she spoke her French and fluently 她的法语讲得高雅而流畅，
After the school of Stratford-at-the-Bow; 但是带有很浓重的伦敦腔——
(The French of Paris - that she didn`t know). 她是在斯特拉弗学的法语，地道的巴黎法语
不会半句。
freezeWell-taught she was at table; she would let 餐桌规矩她可懂得很不少，
No food fall from her lips; she never wet 从她口中一颗饭粒也不掉；
Her fingers deeply in the sauce; with care 手指不会伸进菜汤给沾湿，
She raid each morl; well would she beware 如何捏着面包她都很在意，
拥挤用英语怎么说
Lest any drop upon her breast should fall; 不让一星半点渣子落胸前，
In manners she delighted above all. 她最讲究斯斯文文地用餐。
Always she wiped her upper lip so clean 两片朱唇擦得干干净净，
That never a fleck of grea was to be en 在口杯上不留一丝油痕；
Within her cup when she had drunk. When she 饮料喝完后再去拿食物，
Reached for her food, she did it daintily. 一举一动都文雅而不俗。
事实上Pleasant she was, and loved a jest as well, 她的性格开朗，乐乐呵呵，
And in demeanor she was amiable. 谈吐有风趣，待人很温和。
Ever to u the ways of court she tried, 学习宫廷礼节用心良苦，
And sought to keep her manner dignified, 举止端庄稳重颇有风度。
美国大学雅思要求That all folk should be reverent of her. 她的行为值得大家仰慕，
But, speaking of her heart and character, 一副善良心肠人人佩服。
Such pity had she, and such charity 仁慈宽厚还有恻隐之心，
That if she saw a trapp`d mou and would cry - 即使见到鼠儿落入陷阱，
If it had died, or even if it bled; 也会抽抽泣泣伤心落泪；
And she had little dogs to which she fed 她养了几只小狗亲自喂，
Fine roasted meat, or milk, or dainty bread; 每天都给面包牛奶烤肉；
How would she weep if one of them were dead, 倘若有人用棍猛击小狗，
Or anyone should strike it viciously: 或是爱犬死了她也要哭，
纸巾英文She was all heart and nsibility! 真是个心软肠柔的妇女。
Her face was fair in pleated wimple draped, 头巾叠了几褶大方得体，
gogolHer eyes were gray as glass, her no well-shaped, 鼻子俊俏，眼珠似灰玻璃，Her mouth full small and thereto soft and red, 樱桃般的小口殷红柔软，
But of a truth she had a fair forehead, 额头漂亮，一道皱纹不见，
A span in breadth or I should be surprid, 她的上额足足有一掌宽；
For certainly she was not undersized. 确实她那并不矮的身段，Handsome her cloak, as I was well aware; 穿上长袍显得十分雅致，
And wrought of coral round her arm she bare 一串珊瑚念珠套在左臂，
A bracelet all of beads and green gauds strung, 绿色的大珠子夹在其间，
And down from this a golden pendant hung - 一枚金质饰针挂在上面，
A broochon which was written a crown`d A, 镂雕着一个王冕装饰的A，And after, Amor Vincit Omnia. 下方携刻着Amor vincit omnia。
2)Shakespeare: Hamlet’s soliloquy
demerolShould I endure my sorrows or take the king’s life, and so inevitably lo mine?oneyear
Which one of the two actions is more respectable: to grin and bear the poisonous arrows of bad luck, or to take up weapons against the sufferings, and end them by fighting? If I am dead, or asleep, then everything could come to an end, becau in sleep the emotional pain and the many stress that we are subject to could no longer exist. It's an achievement to be sought eagerly.
However, during our death or sleeping we may also dream - oh, that’s the catch.
It makes us stop and think what dreams will come after we have left this mortal life.
That may be the reason why people stick themlves in this mortal world though aggrieved and suffered.
If one could end all his pains with a mere dagger, who would tolerate the indignities that time brings,
the injustice of the oppressor, the proud man's arrogant rudeness, the pains of unrequited love, the delays of the law, the contempt of our superiors, and the rejections that happen to tho who don't derve them? Who would bear burdens to grunt and sweat under a tedious life, but that the dread of something after death as well as the unknown no-traveller-returns region? It is death that confus our mind and makes us prefer to endure the troubles we have rather than confront new, undefined agonies.
In this way, the worrying makes cowards of us all, and thus the glow of ambitions become gloomy with the pale color of paranoid thought. The enterpris of great power encounter retrogression, and turn into something insignificant.
3)Shakespeare: Sonnet 18
SONNET 18 PARAPHRASE
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Shall I compare you to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate.You are more beautiful and gentle. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,Stormy winds will shake the May flowers,
