标点和字母大写
一、例子：
1)John was painting Marry and Jane and others were singing
2)The boy thinks his father will come back soon
二、标点：
1)句号 (period)
i.用于陈述句、间接引语及大多数祈使句之后；
ii.缩写词之后： Dr. / Jr. / Nov. / W. Shakespeare。
2)问号 （question mark）
i.用于有疑问的结构（词、短语、句）末，表示问话完了的停顿；
ii.通常在引文中置于圆括号之内，表示对前面提到的词或事物表示质疑： He was born in 1572 (?) and died in 1622.
3)感叹号（exclamation point）
i.用于一切被赋予强烈感情的结构之后： Oh! / Tom! / Look (out)!
4)跨类现象：符号的使用更注重功能性而非单纯取决于句子类型。
i.You do have the book?
ii.You hit me!
5)逗号（comma）
i.用于并列成分或主从成分之间：
1.You may do it yourlf, or ask someone el to do it. (and, but, yet, nor, or)
2.He can, may, should, and will do it.
3.Being careless, he often makes mistakes.
4.He has a pretty wife, who is a worker.
5.The mystery, however, remains unsolved.
ii.用于含有直接引语的陈述句中的相应位置：
1.He said, “I will never believe you again.”
2.“You did your homework yourlf,” the teacher said.
3.“All of you,” the teacher said, “must be here.圣诞老人 英语”
4.“We are the people’s soldier,” Lei Feng said. “We love our people.”
iii.并列结构中代替重复的部分：
1.Helen is studying hard; Tom, scarcely at all.
iv.分割千位数：9，600，000; 分割时间：Sunday, Mar. 7, 2010; 分割地点：No. 10 Downing Street, London, UK; 用于姓名：Shakespeare, W. / John Smith, Editor in Chief.
v.信首称呼语，信末客套语：Dear Friend, / Yours truly,
6)分号（micolon）
i.不用连接词连接的独立分句：The holidays are over; we must get down to work.
ii.用于副词之前：The composition is all right; however, there is room for improvement.
iii.连接词之前：You may do it yourlf; or ask someone el to do it.
7)冒号（colon）歌曲狐狸叫
i.主句之后的从句起说明、引申作用：
1.I have some news for you: our teacher has gone abroad.
ii.同位语：
1.He had only one pleasure: reading.
2.Three countries were reprented: England, France, and Belgium.
iii.介绍正式引语、声明：
1.His arguments are as follow: “….”
iv.正是公函的称呼语之后：
1.Ladies and Gentleman:
8)破折号 （dash）
i.句子的连续性遭到破坏：
1.People saw the poor little girl with a lot of burned matches round her — dead.
2.He said, “I am at a loss to understand —”
ii.同位语：
1.There are three ways by which heat travels — radiation, conduction and convection.
iii.引文出处：
1.“A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.”
— Karl Marx
iv.对话：
1.—汽车节能 Hi there.
— Hi.
v.强调某个词：
1.And this great man is criticized by — you.
基里巴斯vi.插入语：
1.I like the English saying — it’s easy to put into practice — “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.”
vii.副标题之前：
1.Seven Returns to the Homeland
— An interview with Zhao Haosheng
viii.重复结构中表对前面内容的强调：
1.But how could I know — how could I know that he would go out alone.
ix.说话间的停顿或犹豫：
2.One — two — three — go!
9)省略号 （Ellipsis）
i.词或句子的省略：
1.We waited, and waited, and waited…
2.Yesterday Mr. Brown went into the park, he was tired and he wanted to sit down…
ii.说话断断续续：
1.“I’d like to … that is… if you don’t mind….” He faltered.
10)撇号（apostrophe）
i.所有格
1.Tom(’), Green(’), and John’s home vs. Tom’s, Green’s, and John’s homes
ii.缩写词的省略
1.didn’t / we’ll
11)连字符（hyphen）
i.构成复合词
1.hide-and-ek / happy-go-lucky
ii.复合定语
1.He looked at her with a know-it-all expression.
2.His never-too-old-too-learn spirit
iii.复合数词
1.Twenty-Four Histories
2.Lessons Thirty-Five and –Six
iv.表示“到”、“至”
1.A two-thirds majority of the vote
2.The decade 1979-1989
v.分割单词，表示字母拼法
1.“esntial” is spelt as E-S-S-E-N-T-I-A-L.
vi.表示说话口吃
1.“P-p-p-p-plea,” he murmured.
12)双引号（quotation marks, double）
i.直接引语
ii.节目、篇章、标题名
iii.用于所强调的词或有特别意义的词
13)单引号（quotation marks, single）
i.引语内的引语
1.She said, “I distinctly heard him say, ‘Don’t be late.’”
14)圆括号 （parenthes）
一年级汉语拼音辅导i.补充说明、附加解释
1.He is hoping （as we all are）that this time he will succeed.
2.Delivery will be made in thirty (30) days.
ii.列举并列项
1.We must t forth (1) our long-term goals, (2) our immediate objectives, and (3) the means at our disposal.
15)方括号 （square brackets）
i.圆括号内可用方括号，反之亦可。
ii.包含内容是对前面内容的解释、评论或修正。
billy madison1.He was born in 1960 [actually in 1962].
16)斜线号（virgule）
i.分割并列成分表或然
1.A and/or B
ii.表示“每”
1.9ft. /c.
17)斜体字（italics）
i.书报杂志名、戏剧电影、大型乐曲等及火车飞机船舶；
ii.强调句中的某一词或某一成分；见解是什么意思
iii.外来语或成语。
大写字母的用法规则
1.用于句首单词的首字母。
2.fourth用于缩写词：UN, NASA.
3.用于姓名的首字母：Nicholas Gene Carter
2.用于直接引语句首单词的首字母；在隔断结构中，不管前半段引语是否句点结尾，只要说明部分以句点结尾，后半部分开首单词首字母必大写。 “We are the people’s soldier,” Lei Feng said. “We love our people.”
3.常用的 “O.K.”, 和感叹词如 “O(h)”。
4.一些惯用语：
a)ABC: 1) [复]字母表; 2) 某方面的基础知识。
b)from A to Z: 从头到尾，自始至终。
c)AⅠgeorge mallory: (读作“A-One”)头等的，极好的。
d)exelonQs and As: 问答。
5.强调句子中的某些词或结构：He is a BIG SHOT.
6.文学作品中拟人化的事物性普通名词： A Hare jeered at a Turtle for the slowness of his pace.
