This passage is excerpted from William Graham Sumner, “The Absurd Effort to Make the World Over," originally published in 1894. Sumner was an outspoken economist and highly influential sociology professor at Yale University.
It will not probably be denied that the burden of proof is on tho who affirm that our social condition is utterly diad and in need of radical regeneration. My task at prent, therefore, is entirely negative and critical: to examine the allegations of fact and the doctrines which are put forward to prove the correctness of the diagnosis and to warrant the u of the remedies propod.
When anyone asrts that the class of skilled and unskilled manual laborers of the United States is wor off now in respect to diet, clothing, lodgings, furniture, fuel, and lights; in respect to the age at which they can marry; the number of children they can provide for; the start in life which they can give to their children, and their chances of accumulating capital, than they ever have been at any former time, he makes a reckless asrtion for which no facts have been offered in proof. Upon an appeal to facts, the contrary of this asrtion would be clearly established. It suffices, therefore, to challenge tho who are responsible for the asrtion to make it good.
Nine-tenths of the socialistic and mi-socialistic, and ntimental or ethical, suggestions by which we
are overwhelmed come from failure to understand the phenomena of the industrial organization and its expansion. It controls us all becau we are all in it. It creates the 1.The main purpo of the passage is to
A）delineate the cour of industrial progress.
B）question the practicality of democratic ideals.lightwedge
bornfreeC）encourage support for individual liberties.
D）highlight the ulessness of social reform.
2.Over the cour of the passage, the main focus shifts from
A）an overview of industrial advancement to a clarification of the problem.
B）an acknowledgement of the problem with industrial advancement to the proposal of a solution.
C）an asmbling of arguments against industrial advancement to a justification of its effects. D）an explanation of industrial advancement to an admission of the drawbacks.
3.The main purpo of listing the asrtions in the cond paragraph (lines 8–19) is to A）outline common complaints and portray them as ludicrous.
B）account for facts but stress their irrelevancy to the issue.
C）identify opposing claims and characterize them as speculative.
D）note possible solutions but highlight their ineffectiveness.
4.As ud in line 15, “reckless” most nearly means
A）unfounded.
B）impulsive.
C）misguided.
D）negligent.
5.It can be inferred from the discussion of the movement of industry that the author believes that people have a natural tendency to
A）resist technological change.
B）encourage ethical actions.
C）control the cour of events.
D）distrust the people in power.
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conditions of our existence, ts the limits of our social activity, regulates the bonds of our social relations, determines our conceptions of good and evil, suggests our
life-philosophy, molds our inherited political institutions, and reforms the oldest and toughest customs, like marriage and property. I repeat that the turmoil of heterogeneous and antagonistic social whims and speculations in which we live is due to the failure to understand what the industrial organization is and its all-pervading control over human life, while the traditions of our school of philosophy lead us always to approach the industrial organization, not from the side of objective study, but from that of philosophical doctrine. Hence it is that we find that the method of measuring what we e happening by what are called ethical standards, and of proposing to attack the phenom
ena by methods thence deduced, is so popular.
The advance of a new country from the very simplest social coordination up to the highest organization is a most interesting and instructive chance to study the development of the organization. It has of cour been attended all the way along by stricter subordination and higher discipline. All organization implies restriction of liberty. The gain of power is won by narrowing individual range. The methods of business in colonial days were loo and slack to an inconceivable degree. The movement of industry has been all the time toward promptitude, punctuality, and reliability. It has been attended all the way by lamentations about the good old times; about the decline of small industries; about the lost spirit of comradeship between employer and employee; about 6.Which choice provides the best evidence to the answer to the previous question?
A）lines 20–23 (“Nine-tenths . . . its expansion”)
B）lines 37–40 (“Hence . . . popular”)
C）lines 50–52 (“ It has been …times;”)
割断D）lines 68–70 (“The first. . . disapproves”)
7.The author’s main claim about industrial development is that it
A）leads to tension among social groups.
B）reflects a natural evolution of society.
C）necessitates social reform.
D）magnifies societal deficiencies.
8.The main purpo of the words “turmoil,”“heterogeneous,” and “antagonistic” (lines 30–31) is most likely to
A）highlight divisions in philosophical doctrine.
wave是什么意思>影视编导培训班B）draw analogies to revolutionary upheaval.
C）convey the instability of modern life.
D）stress the conflict between man and society.
9.Which choice best describes the author’s perspective on individual limitation?
A）It is a burden of the middle class.抽气机
珍爱生命演讲稿B）It is most effective in industrial societies.
C）It is a conquence of free enterpri.
D）It is both natural and inevitable.
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the narrowing of the interests of the workman; about his conversion into a machine or into a "ware," and about industrial war. The lamentations have all had reference to unquestionable phenomena attendant on advancing organization. In all occupations the same movement is discernible in the learned professions, in schools, in trade, commerce, and transportation. It is to go on faster than ever,
now that the continent is filled up by the first superficial layer of population over its whole extent and the intensification of industry has begun. The great inventions both make the
intension of the organization possible and make it inevitable, with all its conquences, whatever the
y may be. I must expect to be told here, according to the current fashions of thinking, that we ought to control the development of the organization. The first instinct of the modern man is to get a law pasd to forbid or prevent what, in his wisdom, he disapproves.
Now the intensification of the social organization is what gives us greater social power. It is to it that we owe our
incread comfort and abundance. We are none of us ready to sacrifice this. On the contrary, we want more of it. We would not return to the colonial simplicity and the colonial exiguity if we could. If not, then we must pay the price. Our life is bounded on every side by conditions.
10.Bad on the passage, it can be inferred that the author would have been most critical of tho who A ） defended unskilled laborers. B ） condemned the capitalist state. C ） promoted middle class values. D ） attacked the principles of democracy. 11.Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A ） lines 47–49 (“The methods. . . degree”) B ） lines 49–50 (The movement . . . reliability”) C ） lines 58–60 (In all occupations . . . transportation”) D ） lines 71–72 (“Now the . . . social power”) 55 60 65 70 75
