Australia
The basic general situation and some natural features about Australia
英语口试考什么The geographical location
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, it's located on the southern hemisphere, with an area ranks sixth in the world. It is the largest country among ocean countries, but it's also the mainland of the world's smallest and the only an exclusive one continent.It is the east Pacific Ocean, west Indian Ocean, Neighboring countries include Indonesia, East Timor, and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, V anuatu, and New Caledonia to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. the major island with an area of 7.69million square kilometers, is the Earth’s largest island but smallest continent. It stretches about 3700 kilometers from north to south and 4000 kilometers from east to west. In area, Australia is the6th
largest nation after Russia, Canada,
China, the United States and Brazil. It
is about twice the size of the European
Union or the ten nations that make up
the Association of Southeast Asian
eyesopen
少儿英语1对1外教Nations (ASEAN). Its ocean
territory-the third largest in the world
—spans three oceans and covers
around 12 million square kilometers.
The country form and the population
For around 40,000 years before European ttlement commenced in the late 18th century, the Australian mainland and Tasmania were inhabited by around 250 individual nations of indigenous Australians. After sporadic(偶发的，偶见的) visits by fishermen from the immediate north, and European discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606,the eastern half of Australia was claimed by the British in 1770 and initially ttled through penal(与刑罚有关的) transportation to the colony of New South Wales, founded on 26 January 1788. during the 19th century another five largely lf-governing Crown Colonies were established. On 1 January 1901, the six colonies became a federation, and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. Since Federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and remains a Commonwealth realm(王国). D
emocratic society with a skilled workforce and a strong, competitive economy. The responsibility for governing this vast continent is shared between three levels of government—the federal（联邦的）Australian Government, the governments of the six states and two territories, and about 700 local government authorities. The population is just over 21.7 million, with approximately 60% concentrated in and around the mainland state capitals of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide. The nation's capital city is Canberra, located in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), and the population grew steadily in the following years. Australia has one of the most urbanized and coast-dwelling populations in the world. More than 80 percent of Australians live within 100 kilometers of the coast of Tasmania, and numerous other islands in the Indian and
Pacific Oceans. Australia’s multicultural society includes Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and migrants from some 200 countries. In almost 60 years of planned post-war migration, Australia has welcomed over 6 million migrants, including more than 600 000 refugees. Over this time, the population has incread from about 7 million to 20 million.
Topography and Climate
Australia's terrain is quite distinctive; the average elevation is only 330 meters, the lowest of all the c
口译教程参考答案ontinents. The western and central parts of the rugged rocky areas, the vast dert and lush mountain, Its highest point, Mount Kosciuszko, is only 2228 meters. The lack of height is more than compensated for in landscape variety. The giant monolith Uluru (formerly known as Ayers Rock)
成人英语学习班
in the Northern Territory and the striking beehive
mountains of Parnell (the Bungle Bungles) in Western
Australia attract visitors from every corner of the world,
as do the country’s beaches and rainforests. In the a is
that a narrow beach gentle slope, slow ramp to the west,
gradually became plain. Coastal area is full of wide
beaches and lush vegetation, where the topography ofknow怎么读
strange things. In the west of the City of Sydney has the
Blue Mountains of the cliffs, in the north Gela Si Hou Brisbane, tall mountains, beautiful and after the erosion of the volcanic neck, while in the south coast west of Adelaide city, is a flat plain. Murray River and Darling River is Australia's longest two rivers. The two river systems the formation of the Murray - Darling Basin, an area of about 100 million square kilometers, equivalent to 14% of the total area of mainland China. Lake Eyre is near the center of the continent a great salt lake, covering an area over 9000 square km, but the long-term status was dry. Australia is a large island continent in the southern hemisphere with a diver range of climate zones. The vary from tropical regions in the north through the arid expans of the interior to temperate regions in the south. Seasonal fluctuations can be great with temperatures ranging from above50℃to below0℃. Minimum temperatures are moderated by the lack of mountains and the influence of surrounding oceans. Australia is relatively arid, with 80% of the land having a rainfall less than 600 millimeters per year and 50% having even less than 300 millimeters. Most Australians live near the wetter more moderate south eastern coasts primarily in major cities. Most of Australia's land, about 70%, classified as arid or mi-arid zones, the central most areas not suitable for habitation. Australia has
11 large derts, which account for about 20% of the area throughout the continent. As the rainfall is small, the mainland for more than one-third of the area actually covered by derts. Australia is the world's most flat, the driest continent, the central lowland and western plateau are dry dert climate, can make animal husbandry and farming the land, only 26 million square kilometers. Coastal areas, particularly in the southeastern coastal zone, suitable for residence and cultivation. Here hilly, water-rich, fertile land. In addition to the south coast, the entire coastal strip around the continent to form a "green", it is this "green" brought up this country. However, barren arid zones of inland buried a kind of
mineral resources, including bauxite lead(铝土矿) and gold iron ore and so on, and the Australia iron ore rerves of the world's cond largest, all kinds of mineral resources in Australia to bring a lot of wealth, ,.
Animals and Plants
A great number of Australia’s native plants, animals and birds exist nowhere el in the world. Australia is committed to conrving its unique environment and natural heritage and has a range of protection procedures in place, including World Heritage
listings and many national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
Australia can be described as a vast land with small
population. Most of the population lives within 20km of
the ocean. The urban Australians celebrate the typical
New World values of material lf-improvement through
hard work and hard play. A sunny climate also contributes
toomuch
to this exuberance. Kangaroo is Australia's unique mammals, mainly located in the Australian continent on the forest and grassland. Kangaroo is a plant-eating animal, hiding in the woods during the day and at night to eat grass and leaves outside. The image of the kangaroo is unique: forelimb short toe fingers Elephant Man, strong hind legs, long thick tail, kangaroo tail is a powerful tool, and t
hey who are able to provide support for the kangaroo, kangaroo running can also change the direction of running. Kangaroo tail tapered at the end, the muscles are very strong, up to 1 meter in length. Kangaroo is the most famous living in the grasslands of the Red Kangaroo is the largest category of Kangaroo, the stronge st person. Gray kangaroo is jumping experts can jump great distances. Australian gold, about 47 kinds of kangaroo, the kangaroo in the body length 23-250 cm. Kangaroo is not due to fear, so zoologists kangaroo animals in the study encounter trouble when the relatively much smaller. Although kangaroos are not light weight, and sometimes up to 70 kilograms, but their run at an alarming rate, up to 48 kilometers per hour, and they jump up to the first 13 meters away Kangaroos originated in the Australian continent and parts of Papua New Guinea. Among them, some species unique to Australia. All Australian kangaroo, zoo and wild, except in zoos, are living in the wild. Different types of kangaroos in Australia in a variety of natural life, from the cool climate of the rainforest and the dert plains to tropical areas. Koalas, an iconic symbol of Australia, face extinction as rapid urbanization along the eastern aboard destroys their fragile habitat, environmental activists have warned. The Australian
Koala Foundation has written to the government urging it to declare the koala a vulnerable species after a survey of 1,000 koala habitats found 30 percent no longer had a koala in them and 60 percent had suffered widespread destruction." I truly believe that in my lifetime the koala will become extinct unless we do something," Deborah Tabarat, executive director of the foundation, told reporters. Koalas are protected by law but the eucalyptus trees they call home and which provide their only source of food are not. There are about 100,000
koalas in Australia, down from an estimated 7 million to 10 million at the time of white ttlement in 1788. In the 1920s 3 million koalas were shot for their fur. They are so lovely and unique and attract a lot of people around the world. Australia also has a lots of unique animals and plants, such as Platypus(鸭嘴兽)and Echidna(针鼹鼠).Emu(鸸鹋),some unique plants include Eucalyptus(桉树),Acacia(合金欢)and so on, they are the symbol of Australia.
Some physical feature and custom of Australia
Language
English is the primary language ud in Australia. Y et their colorful vocabulary, accent, phonetics system and slang ('Strine') can take a lot of getting ud to. In 1788, there were about 250 parate
Aboriginal languages spoken in Australia, plus dialects. Today, only two thirds of the languages survive and only 20 of them (eight per cent of the original 250) are still strong enough to have chance of surviving well into the next century. In addition to the there are also the languages of immigrants from Europe, the Middle East and Asia. In a global economy, language skills are a great advantage for the national workforce. Although English is the official language in Australia, more than 4.1 million Australians speak a cond language. As a result, Australia offers the familiarity of a Western business culture with a workforce capable of operating in both Asian and Western business environments. In fact, Australia has a greater range of Asian language skills than any other country in Asia or the Pacific. More than 840 companies have established their regional headquarters in Australia. The language skills and other capabilities that attract foreign companies are, in part, a result of Australia’s diver multicultural society.
Clothing
Traditional Australian clothing is similar to that worn in other westernized nations. Becau of Australia's warm climate, common summer clothing is often comprid of shorts, sleeveless shirts and thongs (footwear which is the equivalent of American flip-flops). Hats are commonly worn as awareness of skin cancer increas, and the come in a variety of styles. "Traditional" Australian cl
othing could be said to be that of the swagmen and Bushmen of the past. They wore long trours, buttoned sleeves, strong leather boots and hats, often with corks hanging from the brim to keep away the flies.
Foods
Australia's first ttlers brought with them the tastes
of 18th century Great Britain. Their familiar dishes such
as roast beef and Y orkshire pudding, Irish stew and
steamed pudding were, for most of the year, totally
vestingunsuitable for the harsh climate and conditions. In the last
two hundred years the eating habits have gradually
changed, and continue to do so. In the Gold Rush of 1851, adventurers and speculators came from all over the world, among them thousands of Chine who began successful market gardens, greengrocer’s shops and restaurants, thus introducing us to new tastes. From there it continued. Today, influenced by the large number of immigrants from Mediterranean, Asian and other countries, our menus now
reflect Australia's multicultural society. Once traditional dishes have been spiced up with new flavors, but when it comes to fair dinkum Aussie tucker, there are a few classic dishes that have stood the test of time and cannot be improved. (Recipes and information have been provided for traditional dishes).In colonial Australia, stockmen developed the technique of making damper out of necessity. Often away from home for weeks, with just a camp fire to cook on and only sacks of flour as provisions, a basic staple bread evolved. It was originally made with flour and water and a good pinch of salt, kneaded, shaped into a round, and baked in the ashes of the campfire or open fireplace. It was eaten with pieces of fried dried meat, sometimes spread with golden syrup, but always with Billy tea or maybe a swig of rum.
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Culture and Education
the cond time
The Australia culture is diversified becau of the diversification of the race. Australia’s culturally diver society includes its Indigenous peoples and ttlers from countries all around the world. Immigration is an important feature of Australian society. Since 1945, over six million people from 200 countries have come to Australia as new ttlers. Migrants have made a major contribution to shaping modern
Australia. People born overas make up almost
one quarter of the total population. The federal
government ts immigration intake numbers on
a yearly basis. Australia's immigration policies
are non-discriminatory and all applicnceants to
migrate must meet the same lection criteria.
The Australians are friendly to people in most
cas, and they are ready to show their
hospitality to guests. On education field, Australia’s educational institutions provide high-quality education to students from all backgrounds. Diversity and quality underpin(支撑) Australia’s education rvices. Schools develop students’ skill and confidence, children begin primary school at the age of five, primary school provides basic education for children up to 12 or 13 year of age, after which they transfer to a condary school. All schools provide subjects in the eight key learning areas: English, Mathematics studies of society and the environment, Science, art, languages other than English, technology and personal development, health and physical education. Two options(选项) are open to students when they complete there or four years of high school, They may choo to receive further education at a technical or agricultural college or other training institutions. Students who choo to continue at the high school level undertake two more years of study before taking an examination coordinated by the state for the purpo of university entrance, university graduates are in many of the world’s leading rearch, innovation and problem solving teams, and the vocational a
nd technical education ctor is competency-bad and Industry-led. Schools provide an opportunity for children to attend school and to grow up in their communities, they put into more devotion to develop the distance education and reform constantly education pattern. Australia has developed a reputation as a world leader in international education and English-language training.
