Theprinciplesofeconomics.经济学的原理（英译中）Theprinciplesofeconomics.经济学的原理(英译中)
The word economy es from the Greek word for “one who manages a houhold.” at first, this origin might em peculiar.
经济这个字眼来⾃希腊语中“家庭的管理者”，⼀开始，这个起源似乎看上去有些特殊。
But, in fact, houholds and economies have much in mon.
但是，实际上，家庭和经济有许多的共同之处。
A houhold faces many decisions.
⼀个家庭⾯临很多的决定。
It must decide which members of the houhold do which tasks and what each member gets in return:
它必须要决定家庭成员要完成任务，并且将每个家庭中的成员都安排在内。Who cooks dinner?
谁烧正餐？
Who does the laundry?
super junior 6辑
谁做洗⾐服？
Who gets the extra desrt at dinner?
谁可以得到额外的餐后甜点？
Who gets to choo what TV show to watch?
谁可以选择电视节⽬来看？
In short, the houhold must allocate its scarce resources among its various members, taking into account each member’s abilitie s, efforts, and desires.
总之，家庭必须把其缺乏的资源分配给其中的各种成员，并把每个成员能⼒，努⼒和愿望考虑进去，
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Like a houhold, a society faces many decisions.
和家庭⼀样，社会也⾯临很多的决定。
A society must decide what jobs will be done and who will do them.
社会必须决定⼯作将要被完成，由谁来完成它们。
It needs some people to grow food, other people to make clothing, and still others to design puter software.
它需要⼀些⼈来种植粮⾷，⼀些⼈来制作服装，还需要⼀些⼈来设计电脑软件。Once society has allocated people (as well as land, buildings, and machines) to various jobs, it must decide who will eat caviar and who will eat potatoes.
⼀旦社会分派⼈们（⽐如陆地，建筑物和机器）做各种不同的⼯作，它肯定决定谁将吃鱼⼦酱，谁将吃马铃薯。
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It must decide who will drive a Porsche and who will take the bus.
它肯定决定谁将开保时捷，谁将乘公共汽车。
The management of society’s resources is important becau resources are scarce.
因为资源缺乏所以社会资源的管理是⾮常重要的。
Scarcity means that society has less to offer than people wish to have. 不⾜意味着社会的供应不能满⾜⼈们的期望值。Just as a houhold cannot give every member everything he or she wants, a society cannot give every individual the highest standard of living to which he or she might aspire.
就像家庭不能满⾜所有成员的需求⼀样，社会不能给所有个体以他们所期待的最⾼的⽣活标准。
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. 经济学就是研究社会如何管理其缺乏的资源的⽅法。--
In most societies, resources are allocated not by a single central planner but through the bined actions of millions of houholds and firms.
在⼤部分的社会中，资源并不是被单⼀的中⼼计划者分配⽽是由数百万家庭与相结合的⾏动分配。
Economists therefore study how people make decisions:
因此经济学家研究⼈们如何做决定：
How much they work, what they buy, how much they save, and how they invest their savings.
他们做多少⼯作，他们买什么，他们节省多少，并且他们怎样⽤存款进⾏投资。Economists also study how people interact with one another.
经济学家也研究⼈们之间的相互影响。
For instance, they examine how the multitude of buyers and llers of a good together determine the price at which the good is sold and the quantity that is sold and the economy as a whole, including the growth in average ine, the fraction of the population that cannot find work, and the rate at which prices are rising.
例如，他们调查⼀件商品的顾客群和卖主是如何⼀起来制定出这件被售商品的价格，数量和整体的经济情况，包括平均收⼊的增长，⼩部分⼈⼝的失业，和价格上涨的速率。
Although the study of economics has many facets, the field is unified by veral cen
tral ideas.
克里斯塔尔 里德尽管经济学的研究存在很多的侧⾯，但这⼀领域被⼏个中⼼的想法所统⼀。
In the rest of this chapter, we look at Ten Principles of Economics. 在这章的余下的部分中，我们看⼀
下经济学的10个原则。The principles recur throughout this book and are introduced here to give you an overview of what economics is all about.这些原则重复贯穿于这本书中，向你们介绍对经济学的⼀个总体的看法。
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How people make decisions.
⼈们该怎样做决定。
There is no mystery to what an “economy” is.
“经济”是什么，并不神秘。
Whether we are talking about the economy of Los Angeles, of the united state, or of the whole world, an economy is just a group of people interacting with one another as they go about their lives.
⽆论我们谈论美国洛杉矶的经济，还是全球世界经济，经济都是⼀群⼈们与其他⼈的相互作⽤影响，就好像他们着⼿的⼈⽣⼀样。-
Becau the behavior of an economy reflects the behavior of the individuals who make up the economy, we start our study of economics with four principles of individual decision-making.
因为经济的⾏为反映组成经济的个体的⾏为，我们以个体做决定的4原则来开始经济学的研究。
Principle 1 people face tradeoffs.
原则1，⼈们⾯对交易。
The first lesson about making decisions is summarized in the adage: 关于下决定的第⼀个功课被概括在格⾔中：ange
“There is no such thing as a free lunch.”
“没有免费的午餐”。
To get one thing that we like, we usually have to give up another thing that we like.
为了得到我们所喜欢的⼀件东西，我们通常不得不放弃另⼀件我们所喜欢的东西。
Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
做决定需要⽤⼀个⽬标取代其它所有的⽬标。
Consider a student who must decide how to allocate her most valuable resource her time.
考虑⼀个学⽣必须决定如何来分配她的最有价值的资源和她的时间。
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She can spend all of her time studying economics;
她可以花费她全部的时间来学习经济学。
She can spend all her time studying psychology;
她可以花费她全部的时间来学习⼼理学。
or she can divide her time between the two fields.
或者，她可以将她的时间分配给这两门学科。
For every hour she studies one subject, she gives up an hour she could have ud studying the other.
每个⼩时她学习⼀门学科，放弃⼀个⼩时她可能已经⽤它来学习其它的事情。And for every hour she spends studying, she gives up an hour that she could have spent napping, bike riding, watching TV, or working at her part-time job for some extra spending money.
并且，每⼀⼩时她都⽤来学习，放弃⼀个⼩时她可以打盹，骑⾃⾏车，看电视，或做⼀份能为她带来额外花销的兼职。
Or consider parents deciding how to spend their family ine.
或者，考虑⽗母如何决定家庭收⼊的开⽀。
They can buy food, clothing, or a family vacation.
他们可以买⾷物，服装或⼀个家庭度假。
Or they can save some of the family ine for retirement or the children’s
college education.
或者，他们可⼼为⾃⼰的退休或⼦⼥们的⼤学教育储蓄⼀部分的家庭收⼊。When they choo to spe
nd an extra dollar on one of the goods, they have one less dollar to spend on some other good.
当他们选择在这个商品的上花费额外的⼀美元的时候，他们已经没有能⼒在其它的商品上花费了。
When people are grouped into societies, they face different kinds of tradeoffs.
当⼈们被分类进⼊社会的时候，他们⾯对各种不同的种类的交易。
The classic tradeoff is between “guns and butter.”
⼀个“枪与黄油”之间的经典的交易。
The more we spend on national defen to protect our shores form foreign aggressors (guns), the less we can spend on personal goods to rai our standard of living at home (butter).
我们为保护边岸不受外国的侵略⽽在国防上花费的钱越多（枪），在国内我们花费在提⾼⽣活⽔平的商品上的钱就越少（黄油）。
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Also important in modern society is the tradeoff between a clean environment and a high level of ine.
在当今社会中清洁的环境和⾼收⼊⽔平之间的交易也是重要的。
Laws that require firms to reduce pollution rai the cost of producing goods and devices.
法律要求减少污染提⾼⽣产产品和设备的成本。
Becau of the higher costs, the firms end up earning smaller profits, paying lower wages, charging higher prices, or some bination of the three.
由于更⾼的成本，这些将结束赚取更⼩的利润，⽀付更低的⼯资，索取更⾼的价格，或者这三者的合并。
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Thus, while pollution regulations give us the benefit of a cleaner environment and the improved health that es with it, they have the cost of reducing the ines of the firms’ owners, workers, and customers.
这样，当污秽规章给我们更清洁的环境和改善健康的利益到来的时候，他们的成本就是所有者，⼯⼈和顾客所减少的收⼊。
Another tradeoff society faces is between efficiency and equity.
另⼀个社会所⾯对的是效率和公正之间交易。
死了都要爱英文版Efficiency means that society is getting the most it can from its scarce resources.
效率表⽰社会在最⼤限度的使⽤它有限资源中的获取。
Equity means that the benefits of tho resources are distributed fairly among society’s members.
公正表⽰那些资源的利益被公平的分布在社会成员中。
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In other words, efficiency refers to the size of the economic pie, and equity refers to how the pie is divided often, when government policies are being designed, and the two goals conflict.
ol是什么意思换句话说，效率是指经济馅饼的尺⼨，⽽公正是指当政府的政策已经被设定，这两个⽬标有冲突的时候馅饼经常被分配的⽅法。
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Consider, for instance, policies aimed at achieving a more equal distribution of economic well-being.
考虑，例如，政策针对完成更相等的经济上的福利分配。
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Some of the policies, such as the welfare system or unemployment insurance, try to help tho members of society who are most in need. 这些政策，类似福利制度或失业保险政策，都努⼒去帮助那些最需要帮助的社会成员。
Others, such as the individual ine tax, ask the financially successful to contribute more than others to support the government.此外，类似个⼈所得税，要求财政上成功的个⼈贡献⽐其它⼈更多的所得税来⽀持政府。
多谢你Although the policies have the benefit of achieving greater equity, they have a cost in terms of reduced efficiency.
尽管这些政策有完成更公平的利益，但他们在减少的效率⽅⾯有成本。
When the government redistributes ine from the rich to the poor, it reduces the reward for working hard;
当政府重新从有钱⼈到穷⼈再次分配收⼊的时候，它会减少努⼒⼯作所得的报酬；
as a result, people work less and produce fewer goods and rvices. 其结果，⼈们⼯作的更少，商品⽣产的更少和服务的更少。
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In other words, when the government tries to cut the economic pie into more equal slices, the pie gets smaller.
换句话说，当政府努⼒去把经济的馅饼切成更相等的切⽚时候，馅饼就变得更⼩。
Recognizing that people face tradeoffs des not by itlf tell us what decisions they will or should make.
承认⼈们⾯对交易不是通过它本⾝，告诉我们他们将做或者应该做什么样的决定。
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A student should not abandon the study of psychology just becau doing so would increa the time available for the study of economics.
正因为这样去做将增加可以⽤于研究经济学的可利⽤的时间所以学⽣不应该放弃⼼理学的研究。
Society should not stop protecting the environment just becau environmental regulations reduce our material standard of living.
正因为环境的规章减少我们⽣活⽔平的原料，所以社会有应该停⽌对环境的保护。
The poor should not be ignored just becau helpin
g them distorts work incentives.
正因为帮助他们曲解⼯作动机所以穷⼈不应该被忽视。
Nonetheless, acknowledging life’s tradeoffs is important becau people are likely to make good decisions only if they understand the positions that they have available.
尽管如此，承认⽣活⾯临交易是重要的，因为如果他们懂得了他们可利⽤的情势，⼈们有可能做⼀个好的决定。
Principle 2 the cost of something is what you give up to get it.
原则2，⼀些你要放弃去得到的成本。
Becau people face tradeoffs, making decisions requires paring the costs and benefits of alternative cour of action.
因为⼈们⾯对交易，下决定需要⽐较选择路线的成本和利益。
In many cas, however, the cost of some action is not as obvious as it might first appear.
不过，在很多的案例中，⼀些⾏动的成本不和它同样明显的⾸先出现。Consider, for example, the decision whether to go to college.
举个例⼦，考虑是否去上⼤学的决定。。
The benefit is intellectual enrichment and a lifetime of better job opportunities.
利益是智⼒的财富和的终⽣较好的⼯作机会。
zootopia 下载But what is the cost?
啼啭的意思但是，成本是什么？
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To answer this question, you might be tempted to add up the money you spend on tuition, books, room, and board.
为了答复这问题，你愿意被怂恿将你花费在学费，书，房租和善⾷费⽤上的钱加起来。
Yet this total does not truly reprent what you dive up to spend a year in college.
然⽽，这个合计的数字并不真正说明你将在学院度过⼀年的花费。
The first problem with this answer is that it includes some things that are not really costs of going to college.
这个答案中第⼀个问题是它包括了⼀些不是真的去学院的花费成本在内。
Even if you quit school, you would need a place to sleep and food to eat. 即使你学校退学，你仍将需要睡觉的地⽅和吃的⾷物。
