Terracotta Army
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just friendsMausoleum of the First Qin Emperor*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
mixmatch
State Party China
Type Cultural
Criteria i, iii, iv, vi
Reference441
Asia-Pacific
Region**
Inscription history
1987 (11th Session)
Inscription肖申克的救赎 影音
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.
The Terracotta Army (simplified Chine: 兵马俑; traditional Chine: 兵馬俑; pinyin: bīngmǎ yǒng; literally "soldier and hor funerary statues") is the Terra Cotta Warriors and Hors of Qin Shi Huang the First Emperor of China. The terracotta figures, dating from 210 BC, were discovered in 1974 by some local farmers near Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China near the Mausouleum of the First Qin Emperor. (Chine: 秦始皇
陵; pinyin: Qín Shǐhuáng Líng). The figures vary in height (183–195 cm - 6 ft–6 ft 5in), according to their role, the tallest being the generals. The figures include warriors, chariots, hors, officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians. Current estimates are that in the three pits containing the Terracotta Army there were over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 hors and 150 cavalry hors, the majority of which are still buried in
the pits.[1] Many archeologists believe that there are many pits still waiting to be discovered.
Contents英语星期一到星期日
[hide]
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Construction
eur是什么意思
• 3 The pits
• 4 British Muum exhibition
• 5 In popular culture
• 6 Gallery
slowly的比较级•7 Notes
•8 Bibliography
清华少儿英语教材•9 External links
[edit] Introduction
View of the largest excavation pit of the Terracotta Army
The Terracotta Army was discovered in 1974 in the eastern suburbs of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province by local farmers drilling a water well 1.5 miles east of Lishan (a mountain).[2] This discovery prompted archaeologists to go to Shaanxi Province, China to investigate. The Terracotta Army is a form of funerary art buried with the First Emperor of Qin (Qin Shi Huang, "shi huang" means the first emperor) in 210-209 BC. (He declared himlf the first emperor of China in 221 BCE.) Their purpo was to help rule another empire
with Shi Huang Di in the afterlife. Conquently, they are also sometimes referred to as "Qin's Armies."
The material to make the terracotta warriors originated on Mount Lishan. In addition to the warriors, an entire man-made necropolis for the emperor has been excavated. According to historian Sima Qian (145-90 BC), construction of this mausoleum began in 246 BC and involved 700,000 workers. Qin Shi Huang was 13 when construction began. He specifically stated that no two soldiers were to be made alike, which is most likely why he had construction started at that young age. Sima Qian, in his most famous work, Shiji, completed a century after the mausoleum completion, wrote that the First Emperor was buried with palaces, scenic towers, officials, valuable utensils and "wonderful objects," with 100 rivers fashioned in mercury and above this heavenly bodies below which he wrote
were "the features of the earth." Some translations of this passage refer to "models" or "imitations," but he does not u tho words.[3]
Recent scientific work at the site has shown high levels of mercury in the soil on and around Mount Lishan, appearing to add credence to Sima Qian's writings. The tomb of Shi Huang Di is under an earthen pyramid 76 meters tall and nearly 350 square meters. The tomb remains unopened, in the hope that it will remain intact. Archeologists are afraid that if they do excavate the tomb, they might damage some of the valuables buried with emperor Qin Shi Huang. Only a portion of the site is prently excavated, and photos and video recordings are prohibited in some areas of the viewing. Only few foreigners such as Queen Elizabeth II have walked through the pits, side by side to the army. [4]
Qin Shi Huang’s necropolis complex was constructed to rve as an imperial compound or palace. It compris veral offices, halls and other structures and is surrounded by a wall with gateway entrances. It was also said[citation needed] as a legend that the terracotta warriors were real soldiers, buried with Emperor Qin so that they could defend him from any dangers in the next life.
[edit] Construction
The terracotta figures were manufactured both in workshops by government laborers and also by local craftsmen. The head, arms, legs and torsos were created parately and then asmbled. Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely ud, and then clay was added to provide individual facial features.[5] Once asmbled, intricate features such as facial expressions were added. It is believed that their legs were made in much the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were manufactured at the time. This would make it an asmbly line production, with specific parts manufactured and asmbled after being fired, as oppod to crafting one solid piece of terracotta and subquently firing it. In tho days, each workshop was required to inscribe its name on items produced to ensure quality control. This has aided modern historians in verifying that workshops that once made tiles and other mundane items were commandeered to work on the terracotta army. Upon completion, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in preci military formation according
to rank and duty.
The terracotta figures are life-like and life-sized. They vary in height, uniform and hairstyle in accordance with rank. The colored lacquer finish, individual facial features, and actual weapons and armor from battle ud in manufacturing the figures created a realistic appearance. The original weapons were stolen by robbers shortly after the creation of the army and the coloring has faded greatly. However, their existence rves as a testament to the amount of labor and skill involved in their construction. It also reveals the power the First Emperor possd, enabling him to command such a monumental undertaking.
[edit] The pits
The four pits associated with the dig are about 1.5 km east of the burial ground and are about 7 meters deep. The outside walls of the tomb complex are as if placed there to protect the tomb from the east, where all the conquered states lay. They are solidly built with rammed earth walls and ground layers as hard as concrete. Pit one, 230 meters long, contains the main army, estimated at 8,000 figures. Pit One has 11 corridors, most of which are over 3 meters wide, and paved with small bricks with a wooden ceiling supported by large beams and posts. This design was also ud for the
tombs of noblemen and would have rembled palace hallways. The wooden ceilings were covered with reed mats and layers of clay for waterproofing, and then mounded with more soil making them, when built, about 2 to 3 meters higher than ground level.[6] Pit two has cavalry and infantry units as well as war chariots, and is thought to reprent a military guard. Pit three is the command post, with high ranking officers and a war chariot. Pit four is empty, emingly left unfinished by its builders.
[edit] British Muum exhibition
A t piece of 120 objects from the mausoleum and 20 terracotta warriors were displayed at the British Muum in London as its special exhibition "The First Emperor: China's
Terracotta Army" from September 13, 2007 to April 2008.[7] This Terracotta Army exhibition made 2008 the British Muum's most successful year ever, and made the British Muum the United Kingdom's top cultural attraction between 2007-08.[8][9] The exhibition also brought in the most visitors to the British Muum since the King Tutankhamun
exhibition in 1972.[8] It was reported that the initial batch of pre-bookable tickets to the Terracotta Army exhibition sold out so fast that the muum extended the exhibition until midnight on Thursdays to Sundays.[10] According to The Times , many people had to be turned away from the e
xhibition, despite viewings until midnight,[11] and during the day of events to mark the Chine new year, the crush was so inten that the gates to the muum had to be shut.[11] The Terracotta Army has been described as the only other t of historic artifacts (along with the remnants of ruins of the Titanic ) which can draw a crowd simply on the back of the name alone.[10]
[edit ] In popular culture
•
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The Terracotta Army was featured in a 1992 episode of Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? •
In 2004 the Terracotta Army was visited by the contestants competing on Season 6 of The Amazing Race . •
In 2005 film The Myth , the mausoleum was raided and revealed to be a huge anti-gravity field complete with floating armies and mock palace. •
The Terracotta Army was replicated in the 2008 movie The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor . •
北京留学机构In Lionhead Studio's Fable II, Terry Cotter's Army, a spoof of the Terracotta Army, can be found behin
d a "Demon Door." • The game The Sims 3 has an expansion pack The Sims 3: World Adventures that has soldiers, hors and chariots from the Terracotta Army in the China vacation
destination.
[edit ] Gallery
托福口语复议
A rank of soldiers.
One of the soldiers on the left is missing his head, a result of the fact that the statues were made in pieces and then asmbled. Note how the faces of the two soldiers differ from each other. Each statue was constructed to be unique.
An officer statue Ranks of terracotta infantrymen
