PART ONE | Computer Basics |
somnus什么意思Unit 1 | My Computer |
Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1．Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron 2．input; output 3．VLSI 4．workstations; mainframes 5．vacuum; transistors 6．instructions; software 7．digit; eight; byte 8．microminiaturization; chip II．Translate the following terms or phras from English into Chine and vice versa: 1．artificial intelligence 人工智能 2．paper-tape reader 纸空阅读机 3．optical computer 光学计算机 4．neural network 神经网络 5．instruction t 指令集 6．parallel processing 平行处理 7．difference engine 差分机 8．versatile logical element 通用逻辑器件 9．silicon substrate 硅基 10．vacuum tube 真空管（电子管） 11．the storage and handling of data 数据的存储与处理 12．very large-scale integrated circuit 超大规模集成电路 13．central processing unit 中央处理器 14．personal computer 个人计算机 15．analogue computer 模拟计算机 16．digital computer 数字计算机 17．general-purpo computer 通用计算机 18．processor chip 处理器芯片 19．operating instructions 操作指令 20．input device 输入设备 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, process data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital. They can be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All el (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed, size, cost, and abilities. Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC, introduced in the early 1950s, were bad on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were tho in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing. IV．Translate the following passage from English into Chine. A computer system includes a computer, peripheral（外围的）devices, and software. The electric, electronic, and mechanical devices ud for processing data are referred to as hardware. In addition to the computer itlf, the term “hardware” refers to components called peripheral devices that expand the computer’s input, output, and storage capabilities. Computer hardware in and of itlf does not provide a particularly uful mind tool. To be uful, a computer requires a t of instructions, called software or a computer program, which tells the computer how to perform a particular task. Computers become even more effective when connected to other computers in a network so urs can share information. 计算机系统包括计算机、外围设备和软件。用于处理数据的电动、电子与机械设备称为硬件。除了计算机本身之外，“硬件”这一术语还指被称为外围设备的组件，这些外围设备可扩大计算机的输入、输出和存储能力。计算机硬件本身在本质上并未提供一件特别有用的智能工具。计算机要想变得有用，就需要有称为软件或计算机程序的一套指令，来告诉计算机如何执行一项特定的任务。计算机在以下情况下变得更加有效：与网络中的其他计算机相连接，以使用户能够共享信息 |
Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1．display 2．underwater; GUI 3．intranet 4．functionality II．Translate the following terms or phras from English into Chine and vice versa: 1．circuit board 电路板 2．beta testing β测试 3．thin-client computer 瘦客户机电脑 4．cell phone 蜂窝电话（移动电话） 5．digital video 数码摄像机，数码影视 6．Pentium processor 奔腾处理器 7．virtual screen 虚拟屏幕 8．desktop computer specifications 台式计算机规格 9．radio frequency 射频 10．wearable computer 可佩带式计算机 |
Section C | PDA Prizefight: Palm vs. Pocket PC I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1. With DataViz’s Documents To Go, you can view and edit desktop documents on your PDA without converting them first to a PDA-specific ________. (format) 2. Both Palm OS and Windows Mobile PDAs can offer e-mail via ________ so that new messages received on your desktop system are transferred to the PDA for on-the-go reading. (synchronization) 3. 朋友用英语怎么写The Windows Mobile keyboard, Block Recognizer, and Letter Recognizer are all ________ input areas, meaning they appear and disappear as needed. (virtual) 4. Generally speaking, Windows Mobile performs better in entering information and playing ________ files while Palm OS offers easier operation, more ________ programs, better desktop compatibility, and a stronger e-mail application. (multimedia; third-party) II. Translate the following terms or phras from English into Chine and vice versa: 1. data field数据字段 2. learning curve学习曲线 3. third-party solution第三方解决方案 4. Windows Media Player Windows媒体播放器 5. 开始按钮Start button 6. 指定输入区designated input area 7. 手写体识别系统handwriting-recognition system 8. 字符集character t |
Unit 2 | Computer Architecture |
Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1．input; output; storage 2．Basic Input Output System 3．flatbed scanners; hand-held scanners 4．LCD-bad 5．dot-matrix printers; inkjet printers 6．disk drives; memory 7．Volatile 8．rial; parallel II．Translate the following terms or phras from English into Chine and vice versa: 1．information retrieval 信息检索 2．voice recognition module 语音识别模块 3．touch-nsitive region 触感区，触摸区 4．address bus 地址总线 5．flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪 6．dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机（针式打印机） 7．parallel connection 并行连接 8．cathode ray tube 阴极射线管 9．video game 电子游戏（港台亦称电玩） 10．audio signal 音频信号 11．operating system 操作系统 12．LCD (liquid crystal display) 液晶显示（器） 13．inkjet printer 喷墨打印机 14．data bus 数据总线 15．rial connection 串行连接 16．volatile memory 易失性存储器 17．lar printer 激光打印机 18．disk drive 磁盘驱动器 19．BIOS (Basic Input Output System) 基本输入输出系统 20．video display 视频显示器 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: CD-ROM stands for compact disk read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks, which u magnetic charges to reprent 1s and 0s, optical disks u reflected light. On a CD-ROM disk, 1s and 0s are reprented by flat areas and bumpy areas (called “pits”) on its bottom surface. The CD-ROM disk is read by a lar that projects a tiny beam of light on the areas. The amount of reflected light determines whether the area reprents a 1 or a 0. Like a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD-ROM is a “read-only” disk. Read-only means it cannot be written on or erad by the ur. Thus, you as a ur have access only to the data imprinted by the publisher. tripsA single CD-ROM disk can store 650 megabytes of data. That is equivalent to 451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single disk, the time to retrieve or access the information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is their access rate. IV．Translate the following passage from English into Chine. A modem is a device that converts between analog and digital signals. Digital signals, which are ud by computers, are made up of parate units, usually reprented by a ries of 1’s and 0’s. Analog signals vary continuously; an example of an analog signal is a sound wave. Modems are often ud to enable computers to communicate with each other across telephone lines. A modem converts the digital signals of the nding computer to analog signals that can be transmitted through telephone lines. When the signal reaches its destination, another modem reconstructs the original digital signal, which is procesd by the receiving computer. If both modems can transmit data to each other simultaneously, the modems are operating in full duplex (双工的) mode; if only one modem can transmit at a time, the modems are operating in half duplex mode. 调制解调器是在模拟和数字信号之间进行转换的设备。计算机使用的是数字信号，这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列1和0表示。模拟信号是连续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一个例子。调制解调器经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号。信号到达目的地后，另外一个调制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理。如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。 |
Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1．low-speed 2．topology; hub 3．control; bulk 4．token; handshake II．Translate the following terms or phras from English into Chine and vice versa: 1．ISA slot ISA总线槽 2．configuration register 配置寄存器 3．still camera 静物照相机 4．token packet 令牌包 5．expansion hub 扩展集线器 6．USB（Universal Serial Bus）通用串行总线 7．root hub 根集线器 8．I/O device 输入输出设备 9．control frame 控制帧 10．PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) 外部设备互连 |
Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1．higher; cheaper; shelf space 2．single-layer; double-sided; politics 3．Substrate 4．incompatibility II．Translate the following terms or phras from English into Chine and vice versa: 1．video tape 录像带 2．aspect ratio （电视、电影图像的）高宽比，纵横比 3．CD-RW 可擦写光驱 4．lar diode 激光二极管 5．reflective layer反射层 6．optical disk光盘 7．high resolution高分辨率 8．floppy disk 软盘 |
Unit 3 | Operating System |
Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1．Software 2．Multitasking 3．Virtual 4．IBM or International Business Machines Corporation 5．UNIX; multiur 6．Windows; graphical 7．command-line 8．distributed II．Translate the following terms or phras from English into Chine and vice versa: 1．data t 数据集 2．pointing device 指点设备 3．graphical ur interface 图形化用户界面 4．time-slice multitasking 分时多任务处理 5．object-oriented programming 面向对象编程 6．click on an icon 点击图标 7．context switching 上下文转换 8．distributed system 分布式系统 9．pull-down lists of commands 命令的下拉列表 10．simultaneous access 同时访问 11．command-line interface 命令行界面 12．multitasking environment 多任务化环境 13．spreadsheet program 电子制表程序 14．main memory 主存 15．storage media 存储介质 16．disk file 磁盘文件 17．command interpreter 命令解释器 18．network connection 网络连接 19．DOS (disk operating system) 磁盘操作系统 20．copy a data file 拷贝数据文件 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: Operating systems for micro, mini, and mainframe computers perform many rvices. The rvices can be classified either as “external” or “internal.” The operating system provides external rvices that help urs start programs, manage stored data, and maintain curity. You, as the computer ur, control the external functionsgetudto. Using a command-line, menu-driven, or GUI ur interface, an operating system provides you with a way to lect the programs you would like to u. The operating system also helps you find, rename, and delete documents and other data stored on disk or tape. On many, but not all computer systems, the operating system helps you maintain curity by checking your ur ID and password, as well as protecting your data from unauthorized access and revisions. The operating system provides internal rvices “behind the scenes” to ensure that the computer system functions efficiently. The internal rvices are not generally under your control, but instead are controlled by the operating system itlf. The operating system controls input and output, allocates system resources, manages the storage space for programs and data, and detects equipment failure without any direction from you. IV．Translate the following passage from English into Chine. Multitasking, in computer science, is a mode of operation offered by an operating system in which a computer works on more than one task at a time. There are veral types of multitasking. Context switching is a very simple type of multitasking in which two or more applications are loaded at the same time but only the foreground (前台的) application is given processing time; to activate (激活) a background (后台的) task, the ur must bring the window or screen containing that application to the front. In cooperative (合作的) multitasking, background tasks are given processing time during idle times in the foreground task (such as when the application waits for a keystroke), and only if the application allows it. In time-slice multitasking each task is given the microprocessor’s attention for a fraction of a cond. To maintain order, tasks are either assigned priority levels or procesd in quential (顺序的) order. Becau the ur’s n of time is much slower than the processing speed of the computer, time-slice multitasking operations em to be simultaneous. 在计算机科学中，多任务处理是操作系统提供的一种操作方式，它使计算机一次可执行不止一项任务。多任务处理有几种类型。上下文切换是一种非常简单的多任务处理：两个或两个以上的应用程序同时装入，但只有前台应用程序得到处理时间；要激活后台任务，用户必须将含有该应用程序的窗口或屏幕调至前面。在合作多任务处理中，后台任务在前台任务空闲期间（例如，应用程序等待键击时）得到处理时间，但条件必须是该应用程序允许这样做。在分时段的多任务处理中，每项任务得到微处理器几分之一秒的注意。为了维持次序，任务或被指定优先等级，或被按序依次处理。由于用户对时间的感觉要比计算机的处理速度慢得多，因此分时段的多任务操作似乎同时进行。 |
Section B | I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1. NGSCB, the new curity architecture Microsoft is developing for Longhorn, splits the OS into two parts: a standard mode and a(n) ________ mode. (cure) 2. It is reported that Longhorn will provide different levels of operation that disable the more intensive Aero effects to boost ________ on less capable PCs. (performance) 3. With Longhorn’s new graphics and prentation engine, we can create and display Tiles on the desktop, which remind us of the old Active Desktop but are bad on ________ instead of ________. (XML; HTML) 4. The most talked-about feature in Longhorn so far is its new storage system, WinFS, which works like a(n) ________ databa. (relational) II. Translate the following terms or phras from English into Chine and vice versa: 1. arch box搜索框 2. built-in firewall内置防火墙 3. standalone application独立应用程序 4. active desktop 活动桌面 5. mobile device移动设备 6. 专有软件proprietary software 7. 快速加载键quick-launch key 8. 图形加速器graphics accelerator 9. 虚拟文件夹virtual folder 10. 三维界面three-dimensional interface |
Section C | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1．Releas 2．Windows 2000 3．4Gbps or 4 gigabits per cond 4．SMP; networking; memory II．Translate the following terms or phras from English into Chine and vice versa: 1．network throughput 网络吞吐量 2．registry access 注册表存取 3．scalable file rver 规模可变的文件服务 4．static Web page 静态网页 5．physical memory 物理内存 6．Plug and Play 即插即用 7．network adapter 网络适配器 8．SMP (symmetric multiprocessing) 对称多任务处理 |
Unit 4 | Computer Language and Programming |
Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1．artificial; instructions 2．low-level; high-level 3．low-level 4．Machine 5．functional; logic 6．Statement 7．Module 8．digital II．Translate the following terms or phras from English into Chine and vice versa: 1．storage register 存储寄存器 2．function statement 函数语句 3．program statement 程序语句 4．object-oriented language 面向对象语言 5．asmbly language 汇编语言 6．intermediate language 中间语言，中级语言 7．relational language 关系（型）语言 8．artificial languagewitkin 人造语言 9．data declaration 数据声明 10．SQL 结构化查询语言 11．executable program 可执行程序 12．program module 程序模块 13．conditional statement 条件语句 14．assignment statemen t赋值语句 15．logic language 逻辑语言 16．machine language 机器语言 17．functional language 函数式语言 18．programming language 程序设计语言 19．run a computer program 运行计算机程序 20．computer programme r 计算机程序设计员 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: A programming language is a language ud to write instructions for the computer. It lets the programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard to machine-specific details. The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to the development of asmbly language, which allows programmers to u mnemonics for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a program known as an asmbler into the binary encoding ud by the computer. Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders combine pieces of asmbled code and load them into the machine’s main memory unit, where they are then ready for execution. The concept of linking parate pieces of code was important, since it allowed “libraries” of programs to be built up to carry out common tasks—a first step toward the increasingly emphasized notion of software reu. Asmbly language was found to be sufficiently inconvenient that higher-level languages (clor to natural languages) were invented in the 1950s for easier, faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers, programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code. As programming languages became more powerful and abstract, building efficient compilers that create high-quality code in terms of execution speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer science problem in itlf. IV．Translate the following passage from English into Chine. One especially powerful feature of OOP (object-oriented programming) languages is a property which is known as inheritance. Inheritance allows an object to take on the characteristics and functions of other objects to which it is functionally connected. Programmers connect objects by grouping them together in different class and by grouping the class into hierarchies. The class and hierarchies allow programmers to define the characteristics and functions of objects without needing to repeat source code, the coded instructions in a program. Thus, using OOP languages can greatly reduce the time it takes for a programmer to write an application, and also reduce the size of the program. OOP languages are flexible and adaptable, so programs or parts of programs can be ud for more than one task. Programs written with OOP languages are generally shorter in length and contain fewer bugs (缺陷), or mistakes, than tho written with non-OOP languages. 面向对象程序设计语言的一个特别强大的功能，是称为继承的特性。继承允许一个对象获得与其具有功能联系的其他对象的属性与功能。程序员把对象归为不同的类，并把类分成层次，以此将对象联系起来。这些类与层次使程序员可以定义对象的属性与功能，而不必重复源代码，即程序中的编码指令。因此，使用面向对象程序设计语言，可以大大缩短程序员编写应用程序所需的时间，也可以缩短程序长度。面向对象程序设计语言灵活、适应性强，所以程序或程序的某些部分可用于不止一项任务。使用面向对象程序设计语言编写的程序，比使用非面向对象程序设计语言编写的程序，一般长度短且包含的错误少。 |
Section B | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1．object-oriented 2．ur interface 3．Event 4．Controls II．Translate the following terms or phras from English into Chine and vice versa: 1．function call 函数调用 2．prefer toevent-driven programming 事件驱动编程 3．click on a push button 点击按钮 4．application window 应用程序窗口 5．class hierarchy 类继承 6．child window 子窗口 7．application development environment 应用程序开发环境 8．pull-down menu 下拉菜单 有声读物网 9．dialog box 对话框 10．scroll bar 滚动条 |
Section C | I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1. Given the array called object with 20 elements, if you e the term object10, you know the array is in ________ form; if you e the term object[10], you know the array is in ________ form. (subscript; index) 2. In most programming languages, an array is a static data structure. When you define an array, the size is ________. (fixed) 3. A(n) ________ is a pictorial reprentation of a frequency array. (histogram) 4. An array that consists of just rows and columns is probably a(n) ________ array. (two-dimensional) II. Translate the following terms or phras from English into Chine and vice versa: 1. bar chart条形图 2. frequency array频率数组 3. graphical reprentation图形表示 4. multidimensional array多维数组 5. 用户视图ur(’s) view 6. 下标形式subscript form 7. 一维数组one-dimensional array 8. 编程结构programming construct |
PART TWO | Software Engineering 调酒 |
Unit 5 | Software Development |
Section A | I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1．application; operating 2．asmblers 3．compiler 4．interpreter 5．Debugger 6．Loop 7．device driver 8．John von Neumann II．Translate the following terms or phras from English into Chine and vice versa: 1．inference engine 推理机 2．system call 系统调用 3．compiled language 编译语言 4．parallel computing 平行计算 5．pattern matching 模式匹配 6．free memory 空闲内存 7．interpreter program 解释程序 8．library routine 库程序 9．intermediate program 中间程序，过渡程序 10．source file 源文件 11．interpreted language 解释（性）语言 12．device driver 设备驱动程序 13．source program 源程序 14．debugging program 调试程序 15．object code 目标代码 16．application program 应用程序 英语4级听力17．utility program 实用程序 18．logic program 逻辑程序 19．ink cartridge 墨盒 20．program storage and execution 程序的存储与执行 III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code into object code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languages that people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need a compiler to translate the instructions into a low-level language called machine code. Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given t of source code to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer’s machine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is not in machine language, other programs—such as asmblers, binders (联编程序), linkers (连接程序), and loaders (装入程序)—finish the translation. Most computer languages u different versions of compilers for different types of computers or operating systems, so one language may have different compilers for personal computers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produce versions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language may vary between manufacturers. IV．Translate the following passage from English into Chine. In software, a bug is an error in coding or logic that caus a program to malfunction or to produce incorrect results. Minor bugs—for example, a cursor that does not behave as expected—can be inconvenient or frustrating, but not damaging to information. More vere bugs can cau a program to “hang” (stop responding to commands) and might leave the ur with no alternative but to restart the program, losing any previous work that has not been saved. In either ca, the programmer must find and correct the error by the process known as debugging. Becau of the potential risk to important data, commercial application programs are tested and debugged as completely as possible before relea. Minor bugs found after the program becomes available are corrected in the next update; more vere bugs can sometimes be fixed with special software, called patches, that circumvents (规避) the problem or otherwi alleviates (减轻) its effects. 在软件中，错误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错误。较轻微的错误，如光标表现异常，会造成不便或带来挫折，但不会对信息产生破坏性影响。较严重的错误会导致程序“中止”（对命令停止反应），可能使用户别无选择，只能重新启动程序，结果致使任何前面已经做好但尚未保存的工作丢失。两种情况无论是哪一种，程序员都必须凭借称为调试的过程，发现并改正错误。由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险，商用应用程序在发行前要经过尽可能全面的测试与调试。程序发行后发现的较轻微错误在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误有时可用称为补丁的特殊软件加以修补，以规避问题或减轻其影响。 |
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