名词解释
Glossarybypass
第一章 蛋白质的结构与功能
Chapter 1 Structure and Function of Protein
peptide bond亚洲廉价航空公司（肽键）：a covalent bond linking the α- amino group of one amino acid and theα-carboxyl group of another in a protein molecule.
peptide（肽）：a molecule containing two or more amino acids linked by peptide bond.
primary structure of protein（蛋白质的一级结构）：the amino acid quence of a polypeptide.
condary structure of protein（蛋白质的二级结构）：the spatial arrangement of local portions of a polypeptide chain.
tertiary structure of protein（蛋白质的三级结构）：the spatial arrangement of all the atoms of a protein or a subunit.
quaternary structure of protein（蛋白质的四级结构）：the spatial arrangement of a protein that consists of more than one folded polypeptide chain or subunit.
subunit（亚基）：an individual polypeptide chain that associates with one or more parate chains to form a complete protein.
motif（模序）：a substructure formed with two or more condary-structure peptide gments that are drawn clo to each other.
beaujolais nouveaudomain（结构域）：a region within a protein, particularly within a large polypeptide, that functions in a mi-independent manner.
positive cooperativity（正协同效应）：an effect that the binding of one ligand to a protein facilitates the subquent ligand binding.
allosteric effect（变构效应）：an effect that a small molecule, called an effector, noncovalently binds to a protein and alters its activity.
isoelectric point（pI）of protein （蛋白质的等电点）：端午节 英文>practithe pH at which a protein has an equal number of positive and negative charges and hence bears no net charge.
denaturation of protein全国一卷英语（蛋白质变性）： the disruption of the natively folded structure of a protein caud by exposure to heat, radiation, or chemicals, or change in pH, that leads to an alteration of chemical, physical and biological properties of the protein.
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第二章 核酸的结构与功能
Chapter 2 Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid
denaturation of DNA（DNA的变性）：the disruption of the native conformation of DNA by paration of the DNA double helix into its two component strands, due to heat, chemicals, or change in pH, etc.
幅度英文
hyperchromic effect（增色效应）：the increa in ultraviolet absorbance of a DNA while the DNA is denatured.
melting temperature（Tm, 融解温度）：the temperature corresponding to half the maximal increa in ultraviolet absorbance of a thermally denatured DNA.
annealing（退火）：the process of returning a thermally denatured DNA to its original native structure when it is cooled gradually.
第三章 酶
Chapter 3 Enzymes
simple enzyme（单纯酶）：an enzyme that consists of only polypeptide chain(s).
conjugated enzyme（结合酶）：an enzyme with its polypeptide portion(apoenzyme) linked to one or more substance other than amino acids, such as metals or small organic molecules.
友谊英文holoenzyme（全酶）：a complete enzyme consisting of the apoenzyme portion plus the cofactor component.
esntial group（必需基团）： a chemical group on the side chain of amino acid residue of an enzyme that is cloly related to the activity of the enzyme.
active center / active site（活性中心）：the region of an enzyme molecule that contains the substrate binding site and the catalytic site for converting the substrate(s) into product(s).
activation energy（活化能）：the threshold energy that must be overcome to produce a chemical reaction.
absolute specificity（绝对特异性）：the extreme lectivity of an enzyme that allows it to catalyze only the reaction with a single substrate in the ca of a monomolecular reaction, or the reaction with a single pair of substrates in the ca of a bimolecular reaction.标准英语
relative specificity（相对特异性）：the relative lectivity of an enzyme that allows it to catalyze the reaction with one type of reactants or one type of chemical bond.
stereospecificity（立体异构特异性）：the lectivity of an enzyme for a particular stereoisomer.
zymogen（酶原）：the inactive precursor of an enzyme.
zymogen activation（酶原激活）：the process in which a zymogen is converted to an active enzyme by limited proteolysis and subquently the active center of the enzyme is formed or expod.
isoenzyme（同工酶）：multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but differ from one another in one or more of the properties, such as structural, physical, chemical and even immunological properties.
第四章 糖代谢
Chapter 4 Carbohydrate Metabolism
glycolysis（糖酵解）： the anaerobic degradation of carbohydrate whereby a molecule of gluco is converted to two molecules of lactic acid.
substrate-level phosphorylation（底物水平磷酸化）：the synthesis of ATP from ADP by the phosphorylation of ADP coupled with exergonic breakdown of a high-energy organic substrate molecules.
