英⽂euphemism(委婉语)⼀词系源⾃希腊语。词头"eu-"的意思是"good"(好),词⼲"phemism"的意思是"speech"(⾔语),整个字⾯意义是"word of good omen"(吉⾔)或(好的说法)。⼀般认为,凡是表⽰禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或动听的⾔词,均在委婉语之列。
英语委婉语⼀般可分成两⼤类:传统委婉语(traditional euphemisms)和⽂体委婉语stylistic euphemisms。所谓传统委婉语亦称是与禁忌语密切相关的。象⽣、病、死、葬、性、*、拉、撒等禁忌事物,如果直接表达,那就是禁忌语,给⼈的感觉是粗鄙,⽣硬,刺⽿,⽆礼。反之,如果间接表达,这就是委婉语,给⼈的印象是典雅,含蓄,中听,有礼。所谓⽂体委婉语,亦称实际上是恭维话、溢美之词,与禁忌语并⽆关系。英、美⼈(尤其是当代美国⼈)在交际过程中,为了表⽰礼貌,为了避免刺激,或是为了争取合作,有时会采⽤夸饰的⼿法,对⼀些令⼈不快的事物以美⾔相称。
英语委婉语的构成⽅法各种各样,丰富多彩。⼀般可分为下⾯⼏种类型:构词⼿段,拼写⼿段,词汇⼿段,语法⼿段和修辞⼿段等。
(1)合词法(compounding):如:gezudna(goes+under+"床下放",即夜壶)。
(2)反成法(backformation):反成法是通过删除假想中的词缀来构成委婉词。由于这种构词法产词是不⼤,所以造出的词⼤多新颖别致,⽤来代替常见的敏感词,也能收到委婉的效果。如:bugle(盗窃,由burglar[夜盗]盗删去"词尾"⽽成,⽤以替代。
(3)⾸字母组合法(acronym):⾸字母组合法是将禁忌词语或敏感词语的第⼀个字母抽出来拼合在⼀起借以掩饰。如:BM(bowel movement,⼤便)the Big C (癌症)
(4)截短法(clipping):截短法是将⼀些词语斩头去尾以掩饰。如:gents(Gentlement's Room)(男厕所)lav (lavatory,厕所)
(5)曲读异拼法(phonetic distortion):曲读异拼法是有意将禁忌词语的发⾳略加变动,借以避讳。如:god, gosh(god 上帝)
(6)压韵替代法(rhyming slang):压韵替代法是利⽤⼀些词语与禁忌词语押韵的特点来取⽽代之。如:sis, (piss ⼩便)
(7)逆拼法(backslang):逆拼法是将⼀些禁忌或敏感的单词⾃后向前拼写,以便避讳。如:elly-bay(belly肚⼦)
(8)⾸字母异拼法(respelling of initials):⾸字母异拼法是将⼀些禁忌或敏感单词的⾸字母按照发⾳拼写出来,效果委婉。如:dee(damn,该死)
(9)标点符号法(punctuation):如:d——(damn该死的)son of a —— (son of a bitch,狗娘养的)
(10)同义词替代法(synonyms)如:slim(苗条的,即skinny,⽪包⾻头)
英语四级算分器 (11)借词法borrowing):⼀般认为,英语中的本族词-盎格鲁撒克逊词-多为平民百姓的⼝语词,不登⼤雅之堂。所以很多⼈,尤其是知识分⼦和学⽣都喜欢借⽤法语词或拉丁词来婉指那些令⼈尴尬的事物。如:lingerie(内⾐ underwear)
(12)模糊词语法(fuzzy words):如:affair(事物,即桃⾊事件)
(13)⼉语法(nurryism):借⽤⼉童⽤语来充当委婉语。⼩孩⼦讲话天真⽆邪,如果⼤⼈,尤其是中年⼈模仿⼉语,有时效果是既委婉⼜幽默。如:pee-pee(⼩便)poo-poo(⼤便)
(14)反⾯着笔法(negation):从相反的⾓度去表达那些令⼈不快的事物,效果有时会⽐正⾯直说婉转些。如:unwi(不聪明,即,愚蠢的)
(15)⽐喻法(metaphorical transfer):根据禁忌事物的特点,将其描绘成具有相同特点的可以接受的事物。如:go to sleep forever(长眠,即die死去)
(16)借代法(metonymical transfer):⽤整体来代替那些不便直⾔的局⾯。如:chest(胸部,即 breast*)
(17)低调说法(understatement):如⼀种明抑实扬、⾔轻义重的含蓄的说法,⽤来表达不愉快的事情时,效果委婉,听者易于接受。smelly (有味道,即stinking,发臭)
(18)迂回说法(periphrasis):迂回说法是将不便直⾔的事物⽤转弯抹⾓的⽅式表达出来。其结果是短词长写,"短话长说"。如:adjustment downward(向下调整,即drop下跌)
(19)⾸字母曲解法(reinterpretation of initials):⾸字母曲解法是有意对⾸字母词作出别的解释,效果不仅委婉,⽽且还带有幽默⾊彩。如:hot and cold (heroin and cocaine,海洛因可卡因合剂)
以上这些⽅法,⼤体上都贯穿了两个原则:⼀是若即若离的原则,⼀是美好中听的原则。⼀般说来,委婉语有三个⽅⾯的作⽤。⼀是避免刺激,给⼈以安慰;⼆是消除粗俗,给⼈以⽂雅;三是摒弃陈腐,给⼈以新颖。善于委婉,这是⼼灵美、修养
⾼的表现。
在英语中,象⽣、死、如厕等话题直说很不⽂雅,这时我们可以⽤委婉的说法,下⾯是笔者收集的⼀些有关这些话题的说法。
1)Being in Love (恋爱)
assignation (本义)指定
to be gone on (本义)⼀去不返
to be shock up (本义)被震撼的
to be taken (本义)被吸引住
H2 (本义)hot and heavy
to have a crush on (本义)捣碎
meeting (本义)会⾯
to t one's cap for (本义)指向某⼈
to t one's sights at (本义)⽬光落在⾝上
to take a fancy to (本义)喜欢上
to walk out 出去溜达
to cut one's eye at (本义)瞥⼀眼
the glad eye (本义)⾼兴的眼光
to look sweet on (本义)
to make eyes at (本义)对某⼈使眼⾊
wandering eye (本义)游荡的眼光
2) Pregnancy (怀孕)
a hole out in one(本义)⼀击⼊洞(⾼尔夫术语)
an accident(本义)事故
anticipating(本义)期待的
awkward(本义)⾏动不便
to be caught(本义)被捉住
to be gone(本义)已过去了
to beget(本义)产⽣
break one's ankle(本义)脚⾻折了
clucky(本义)抱窝的
eating for two(本义)吃双份饭
expecting(本义)期待的
an expectant mother(本义)期待的母亲
to fall(本义)倒下了
far gone(本义)去⽇苦多
fragrant(本义)⾹喷喷的
full of heir(本义)怀有继承⼈
to have a hump in the front(本义)前⾝有块隆⾁
to have one watermelon on the vine(本义)藤上有⽠了
to have one on the way (本义)有⼈要来
in a bad shape(本义)⾝体不佳
in a certain condition(本义)⾝处某种状态
in a delicate condition(本义)⾝体虚弱
in a (the) family way(本义)家常打扮
in a familiar way(本义)熟悉地
in a particular condition(本义)处于特殊状态
mex in an interesting condition(situation, state)(本义)处于有趣状态 in trouble(本义)惹上⿇烦
infanticipating(本义)期望得⼦
irregularity(本义)不规则现象
knitting(本义)绒⾐
to knock up(本义)敲门叫⼈
lady-in-waiting(本义)有所期待的⼥⼦
to learn all about diaper folding(本义)学叠尿布
a mother-to-be(本义)未来的母亲
on the nest(本义)在抱窝
P.G.(Pregnant)怀孕的
preparing the bassinet(本义)准备摇篮
rattle shopping(本义)采购玩具
rehearing lullabies(本义)练唱催眠曲
to spoil a woman's shape(本义)坏了⼥⼦体型
french letter
to sprain an ankle(本义)扭伤脚踝
to swallow a watermelon ed(本义)吞了棵西⽠⼦
that way(本义)那样
waiting for the patter of little feet(本义)等呆⼩脚⽛声
to wear the apron high(本义)围裙系⾼
a waiting woman(本义)等呆中的妇⼥
with a baby window(本义)有个凸窗肚
with child(本义)怀孩⼦了
3)Defcation (如厕)
to be caught short (本义)给了个冷不妨
the call of nature (本义)⾃然的需要
Can I add some powder? (本义)我可以茶点粉吗?
to cash(write) a check (本义)兑(开)张⽀票
to do a job for onelf (本义)做点私事
do one's business (本义)⼲⾃⼰的活
to do one's duty (本义)尽职
susx大学
to ea onelf (本义)⾃我轻松⼀下
to eliminate (本义)逐出
evacuation (本义)排空
to excrete (本义)排泄
to find a haven of rest (本义)寻找安息所
to fix one's face (本义)化装
to freshen up (本义)梳洗打扮
think great to get some fresh air (本义)去呼吸⼀点新鲜空⽓
to give onelf ea (本义)使⾃⼰舒服⼀下北大青鸟java
to go (本义)
to go into retreat (本义)去僻静
to go somewhere (本义)出去⼀下
to go to Egypt (本义)到埃及去
to go to one's private office (本义)到私⼈办公室去
to go to bathroom (本义)到洗澡间
May I adjourn? (本义)我可以变换⼀下地⽅吗?
May I plea be excud? (本义)失陪了
natural necessity (本义)⾃然的需要
nature stop (本义)⾃然需要停车
to pluck a ro (本义)摘朵玫瑰
powder one's no (本义)搽点粉
to relieve onelf (本义)轻松⼀下
to wash one's hands (本义)洗洗⼿
4)Death(死亡)
to be asleep in the Arms of God (本义)安睡在上帝的怀中 to be at peace (本义)平静了
to be at rest (本义)在休息
to be called to God (本义)被召唤到上帝那
to be called home (本义)被召回家
new order
to be home and free (本义)到家⾃由了
to be taken to paradi (本义)被送进天堂
日语作文 The call of God (本义)上帝的召唤
to depart (本义)离去
The final departure (本义)最后离去
final sleep (本义)最后⼀觉
to go home (本义)回家
to go to heaven (本义)进天堂
to go to one's long home (本义)回到永久之家
to go to one's own place (本义)回⽼家
happy land (本义)乐⼟
to have fallen asleep (本义)⼊睡了
to have found rest (本义)得到安息
前面的英文 to have gone to a better place(land,world,life)到⼀个更好得地⽅去了 in heaven (本义)在天堂
to join one's ancestors (本义)加⼊先⼈的⾏列
join the Great majority (本义)加⼊⼤多数
to leave this world (本义)离开今世
to pay one's fee (本义)付费
to rest (本义)休息
to rest in peace (本义)安息
to return to dust (本义)归之尘⼟
to sleep (本义)长眠
上海外教一对一
with God (本义)和上帝在⼀起
with their Father (本义)与圣⽗在⼀起
to fall (本义)倒下了
to do one's bit (本义)尽职了
to lay down one's life (本义)放下⾃⼰的⽣命
to be no longer with us (本义)不再与我们在⼀起了
to be out of pain (本义)摆脱痛苦
to breathe one's last (本义)呼了最后⼀⼝⽓
to cancel one's account (本义)销帐
pay one's last debt (本义)付最后⼀笔债
to fade away (本义)消失
to make one's exit (本义)退场