美国运筹学专业排名
就叫Chunyun，或者Spring Festival travel ason。
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Chunyun refers to the extremely high traffic load of transportation in China around the time of Chine New Year. The high traffic load usually begins 15 days before the Lunar New Year, and lasts for around 40 days. This period is also called Spring Festival travel ason, or Chunyun period. The number of pasngers during the Chunyun period has exceeded the population of China, hitting the 2-billion mark in 2006. Rail transport experiences the biggest challenge during the period, and a myriad of social problems have emerged.
Origin
It is a long-held cultural belief for most Chine people that Chine New Year is a time to reunite with the family. People come home from work and study and have the Reunion dinner with their family on New Year's eve. The celebration lasts fifteen days, although the government only sanctions ven of the days to be statutory holidays, and it ends with the Lantern Festival. Many Chine prefer to return home earlier and return work after the end of the official holiday.
Since the Chine economic reforms of the late 1970's, new economic opportunities have emerged outside of people's ancestral homesteads, a significant increa occurred in the amount of floating pop
ulation around the country. Places such as Special Economic Zones and the wealthy coastal regions offer a sought-after lifestyle of many people. A massive migration also occurred with rural populations moving to booming urban areas. In addition, Chine education reforms have incread the number of university students, who often study outside their hometown. The Spring Festival holiday period falls appropriately in the same time frame as their winter vacation. [1].Among the 144 million railway pasngers of the 2006 Chunyun period were 6.95 million university students, about a third of the total, who had booked student tickets [2]. The number of members of the floating population was estimated at 50 million at 1990 and unofficially estimated at 150 million to 200 million in 2000 [3].好的ui设计培训
会计电算化是什么tentingBecau the Spring Festival Period falls under three week-long holiday periods in the People's Republic of China (the other two being National Day, Oct 1; and Labour Day, May 1), many people choo to travel around this time, adding to the pressure of the system.
Significant problems also lie with China's current inter-city transportation systems. The railway network is insufficient to handle the amount of pasngers, and does not reach enough places. The locations not rved by railway must rely on bus transport, which face problems such as inadequate equipment and an insufficient road network. Impact on transportation systems and related problems
The most affected modes of transportation are inter-city surface pasnger transportation systems, namely railway and road networks. Most Chine middle-class citizens cannot readily afford air transport. International, urban and waterway transportation are slightly affected [4]. Until 2007, due to the high demand, the prices of tickets are incread during the period[5]. In 2007's Chunyun period (Feb 4-March 14), however, the government impod strict regulations against inflated prices on railway tickets.
穷爸爸富爸爸下载Railway and bus
The Ministry of Railways estimated that 156 million pasngers would take trains during the 2007 Chunyun period; in other words, 3.9 million pasngers per day. However, the average daily capacity of the Chine railway system is 2.4 million. The shortage of railway resources led many pasngers to pay double or even triple-priced tickets from scalpers or to wait in queues for upwards of a days time at railway stations.
Chine railway tickets are simple in natureBecau of the extreme long waiting period, many customers become frustrated and arch for solutions to jump the line, often resulting in conflict. Fights over places in line is often en, and as people get clor to the ticket booth, much pushing a
nd shoving ensue. The overworked ticket booth workers are generally frustrated with the repetitive and dull nature of their work, which, in most places in the country, come in long shifts every time, and therefore reflect a largely negative and frustrated image to the customers. Inquiries by customers are not always answered correctly or at all; customers are not offered many options to begin with, if time is alloted for indecision the customer is usually pushed aside by the next person in line. The same problem is found with phone lines, which saves the anxiety of waiting in line, but are verely overloaded and the reception is often rude when a ticket agent finally picks up after veral hours of waiting. In Shenzhen it is estimated that 23 days worth of tickets can be gone in a matter of 14 minutes if telephone was the only method employed. An internet system is prent, but at times inadequate.
To fit demand, hundreds of "temporary trains" (Linke) and hundreds of thousands of temporary bus are operated during this period, the number of ticket offices is incread and lling periods are extended to cope with the demand, with temporary booths springing up. Batch orders from schools and factories are organized to distribute tickets ahead of time. The measures, however, are generally inadequate and often tampered with. For example, during the 2005 Chunyun period, the ticket offices in Shenzhen had tens of telephone lines, and at times got millions of calls per hour.
In the Guangzhou area, the number of calls reached 19.91 million per hour. Guangzhou Railway Group incread the number of telephone lines at their ticket offices to 6,000 in the 2006 Chunyun period.
新东方泡泡英语怎么样Due to the basic nature of Chine railway tickets and the looly t limitations on the number of "standing tickets" (which is basically a pass to get on a crowded railway car), Scalpers (piaofanzi 票贩子 or huangniu 黄牛, lit. yellow cow in Chine) profit greatly during the Chunyun period. Organizations of scalpers have emerged, and the scalpers inside the sometimes intricate network work collectively to make the most gain out of the tickets. They pick up tickets in great numbers minutes after they go on sale, and then deal them out in and around the railway station at highly inflated prices. A significant problem has also emerged with the illegal dealing of tickets through oblete ticket modification or even printing outright fake tickets using computer technology. Although measures have been put in place to prevent fake tickets, pasngers who purcha the tickets become extremely frustrated when the authenticity of their tickets is questioned only upon arrival at the ticket validation officer, what would be minutes before boarding the train. Becau of the worning nature of the problem, the government has issued many warnings and began various campaigns to crack down on the scalpers. Unfortunately, becau of the complicated nature of the p
roblem and the social networks which surround the scalper organizations, police and other authorities who are suppod to be in charge of the crackdown often become involved in the illicit acitivity themlves, and take many bribes from the scalpers.
There has also developed a significant safety risk during the Chunyun ason. Theft, robbery, fraud and other crimes are the most flagarant during the time period. Pasnger supervision and checks on luggage become more strict. The common belief in the safety of railway travel is undermined by the fact that many railway cars are verely overcrowded. Bus companies, in order to gain a bigger profit, overwork the bus drivers on irregular schedules, overloading people every round, causing a higher accident rate. Trains also face a problem with scheduling, as an overcrowded network cannot ensure the overall accuracy of train schedules, and some trains are habitually late hours at a time, cau unea and frustration with pasngers. The government has taken to passing legislation to regulate late trains, and make a public notice and apology for late trains mandatory.
The pasnger flow during the Chunyun period is usually imbalanced. Before the Spring Festival, pasngers usually gather in developed coastal cities, railway interchange cities such as Beijing and Guangzhou, and basically flow from urban to rural areas. The pasnger flow direction is reverd after the Spring Festival. In addition, pasnger flow is very nsitive to disruption, such as bad weat
her [6]. In 2007, round-trip train tickets will be available for college students[7].
霎时间
Air
kyxAir transportation is less affected as most travellers are workers who cannot afford air transport, but nevertheless the Chunyun impact is increasing. In 2006 roughly 14 million pasngers ud air transportation as their method of travel inside China. Xiamen Airlines, for example, added nearly 190 flights to its roster during the Chunyun period, with thirty flights especially placed to Hong Kong and Macau and another ten flights to international destinations in Southeast Asia and Korea. Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China are also permitted during this period.[8] To prevent accidents in the air, the Chine government has brought in very strict regulations on not overloading planes. The General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC) estimates at least 19.3 million pasngers will fly during the 2007 Chunyun period[9].参考资料：en.wikipedia/wiki/Chunyunf开头的英文名
