Mendel's Paper in English
genital
Experiments in Plant Hybridization (1865)
by Gregor Mendel
Read at the meetings of February 8th, and March 8th, 1865 snowman
[1] Introductory Remarks
Experience of artificial fertilization, such as is effected with ornamental plants in order to obtain new variations in color, has led to the experiments which will here be discusd. The striking regularity with which the same hybrid forms always reappeared whenever fertilization took place between the same species induced further experiments to be undertaken, the object of which was to follow up the developments of the hybrids in their pr
ogeny.
To this object numerous careful obrvers, such as Kölreuter, Gärtner, Herbert, Lecoq, Wichura and others, have devoted a part of their lives with inexhaustible perverance. Gärtner especially in his work Die Bastarderzeugung im Pflanzenreiche , has recorded very valuable obrvations; and quite recently Wichura published the results of some profound investigations into the hybrids of the Willow. That, so far, no generally applicable law governing the formation and development of hybrids has been successfully formulated can hardly be wondered at by anyone who is acquainted with the extent of the task, and can appreciate the difficulties with which experiments of this class have to contend. A final decision can only be arrived at when we shall have before us the results of detailed experiments make on plants belonging to the most diver orders.
方面大耳
Tho who survey the work done in this department will arrive at the conviction that among all the numerous experiments made, not one has been carried out to such an extent and in such a way as to make it possible to determine the number of different form
s under which the offspring of the hybrids appear, or to arrange the forms with certainty according to their parate generations, or definitely to ascertain their statistical relations. winds
It requires indeed some courage to undertake a labor of such far-reaching extent; this appears, however, to be the only right way by which we can finally reach the solution of a question the importance of which cannot be overestimated in connection with the history of the evolution of organic forms.
The paper now prented records the results of such a detailed experiment. This experiment was practically confined to a small plant group, and is now, after eight years' pursuit, concluded in all esntials. Whether the plan upon which the parate experiments were conducted and carried out was the best suited to attain the desired end is left to the friendly decision of the reader.
[2] Selection of the Experimental Plants
The value and utility of any experiment are determined by the fitness of the material to th
e purpo for which it is ud, and thus in the ca before us it cannot be immaterial what plants are subjected to experiment and in what manner such experiment is conducted.
The lection of the plant group which shall rve for experiments of this kind must be made with all possible care if it be desired to avoid from the outt every risk of questionable results.
The experimental plants must necessarily:
1.都柏林大学Posss constant differentiating characteristics.
2.The hybrids of such plants must, during the flowering period, be protected from the influence of all foreign pollen, or be easily capable of such protection.
除此之外英文
The hybrids and their offspring should suffer no marked disturbance in their fertility in the successive generations.
Accidental impregnation by foreign pollen, if it occurred during the experiments and were not recognized, would lead to entirely erroneous conclusions. Reduced fertility or entire sterility of certain forms, such as occurs in the offspring of many hybrids, would render the experiments very difficult or entirely frustrate them. In order to discover the relations in which the hybrid forms stand towards each other and also towards their progenitors it appears to be necessary that all member of the ries developed in each successive generations should be, without exception, subjected to obrvation.
At the very outt special attention was devoted to the Leguminosaelily英语官网 on account of their peculiar floral structure. Experiments which were made with veral members of this family led to the result that the genus it must bePisum was found to posss the necessary qualifications.
日语假名标注
Some thoroughly distinct forms of this genus posss characters which are constant, and easily and certainly recognizable, and when their hybrids are mutually crosd they yield perfectly fertile progeny. Furthermore, a disturbance through foreign pollen cannot easily
occur, since the fertilizing organs are cloly packed inside the keel and the anthers burst within the bud, so that the stigma becomes covered with pollen even before the flower opens. This circumstance is especially important. As additional advantages worth mentioning, there may be cited the easy culture of the plants in the open ground and in pots, and also their relatively short period of growth. Artificial fertilization is certainly a somewhat elaborate process, but nearly always succeeds. For this purpo the bud is opened before it is perfectly developed, the keel is removed, and each stamen carefully extracted by means of forceps, after which the stigma can at once be dusted over with the foreign pollen.
