语⾔学课外单元补充习题及答案4
语⾔学课外单元补充习题及答案
编写说明
本练习是基于《英语语⾔学》课程⽽设置，通过教师讲解、学⽣⾃学与练习，加深学⽣对⼈类语⾔的理性认识，初步具备运⽤理论解释语⾔现象、解决具体语⾔问题的能⼒，从⽽提⾼学⽣的语⾔素养和学习语⾔的能⼒，为以后⼯作和科研奠定基础。为此，我们特编写本练习的答案，仅供参考。
Language
1.State the nature of language briefly with examples.
2.Why is it said that the language system is unique to human beings?
3.What are the characteristics of human language?
4.What are the social functions of language?
5.Do animals other than humans have their own languages?
6.Exemplify how animals communicate with each other.
7.Can language be viewed only as a system of communication? Why not?
8.How did language come into being? What is the relationship between the origin of language and the
origin of human beings?
9.Rewrite each of the following lists of words into natural order.
（1）Five /the /fresh /potatoes
（2）Pretty /American /girls /the two
（3）Airlines /brand /France-made /new /the two
英语四级听力蒙题技巧
（4）Fashions /Chine /the /latest /three
（5）Beginning /hardworking /two /the /workers
10.Fill in the blanks with the proper words.
（1）_______ function means language can be ud to ―do‖ things.
（2）_______ function means the u of language to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.
（3）Most imperative ntences are associated with _______ function.
（4）The ntence ―What‘s it like?‖ sho ws ______ function.
（5）Greetings shows _______ function.
（6）“We are most grateful for this.”shows______ function.
（7）Propaganda shows ________ function.
（8）________ refers to contexts removed from the immediate of the speaker.
（9）For________, reference is not the only, not even the primary goal of communication.
（10）Halliday‘s metafunctions include ________, ___________, _____________.
（11）Linguistics should include at least five parameters:_________ __________ ___________ ____________
_________________.
.11.Say the following are true or fal. If it is fal correct it
（1）Language distinguishes us from animals becau it is far more sophisticated than any animals communication system.（2）There is not a certain degree of correspondence between the quence of claus and the actual happenings.
（3）The theories discusd in the textbook about the origins of language are not at most a speculation.
（4）The definition,― Language is a tool for human communication.‖ has no problem.
（5）The definition, ―language is a t of rules‖, tells nothing about its functions.
（6）Hall, like Sapir, treats language as a purely human institution.
（7）Chomsky‘s definition about language is the same as Sapir‘s.
Linguistics
1.Explain the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Point out three aspects .
3.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?培训课
4.Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?
is anyone up
5.How is Saussure‘s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky‘s distinction between competence and performance?
6.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?
kate winslet7.What features of human language have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is esntially different from any animal communication system?
8.What is the main task for a linguist? State the importance of linguistics.
9.Why is ―duality‖ regarded as an important feature of human language?
10.Fill in the right word according to the explanations.
（1）_____________ the scientific study of language.
（2）_____________ the study of the interlinguistic relationships among different linguistic elements of language.
（3）____________the study of universal features of language
averagely
（4）____________ the study of a particular language at the particular point of time.
（5）____________ the study of the structure and both the syntactic and mantic rules of a language （6）the study of the rules or principles prescribed for people to follow when they u a language.
（7）___________the study of language is relation to other sciences
（8）the study of the nature of human language and the human mind through the study of the U.G. 11.Say the following are true or fal. If it is fal correct it.
（1）Sociolinguistics relates the study of language to Psychology.
（2）In modern linguistics, synchronic study ems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.
（3）In the past, traditional grammarians tended to over-emphasize the importance of the written word. （4）Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently.
（5）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
（6）Saussure‘s distinction took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions.（7）Early grammars were bad on ―high‖（religious, literary）written language.
（8）The study of language as a whole is often called applied linguistics.
（9）Language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets.
（10）To explain what language is ems to be a na?ve and simple question.
（11）Language bears certain features distinguishing it from means of communication other forms of life may posss, such as bird songs and bee dances.
Phonetics
1.What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?
2.What are the three branches of phonetics? How do they contribute to the study of speech sounds?
3.Draw a picture for the speech organs of human beings.
4.Where are the articulatory apparatus of a human being contained?
5.What is voicing and how is it caud?
6.What criteria are ud to classify English vowels?
7.What is the function of the nasal cavity ? How does it perform the function?
8.Describe the various parts in the oral cavity which are involved in the production of speech sounds?
9.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?
10.How are the English consonants and vowels classified?
11.Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:
（1）voiced palatal affricate
（2）voiceless labiodental fricative
（3）voiced alveolar stop
cathay
（4）front clo short
（5）back mi-open long
（6）voiceless bilabial stop
（7）ten front mid vowel
（8）lateral liquid
（9）lax high back vowel
（10）voiced bilabial oral stop
（11）mid central lax vowel
（12）low front vowel
（13）palatal glide
（14）voiced interdental fricative
（15）voiced affricate
（16）velar nasal consonant
（17）low back vowel
（18）high back ten vowel
（19）mid back lax vowel
（20）voiceless interdental fricative
12.Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:
［d］［l］［t∫］［w］［u］［?］［b］［v］［a:］［m］［r］［i:］
13. Draw a tongue chart for the basic English vowels.
Phonology
1.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?
2.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme ? How are allophones related to the phoneme?
3.What is a minimal pair and what is a minimal t ? Why is it important to identify the minimal t in a
language?
4.Explain with examples the quential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.
goforth5.State the functions of stress in a language with examples.
6.What are supragmental features? How do the major supragmental features of English functio
n in
conveying meaning?
7. A phonetic symbol is actually a ―cover term‖ for a composit e of distinct phonetic properties or features.
Define each of the symbols below by marking a ―+‖ or a ―---‖ for each given feature: a ―+‖, if the property is prent, a ―---‖ , if it is abnt:
Sound gments: u э a: i ? u: i: ou ei
Phonetic features:
High
Low
Back
Ten
Round
Sound gments: f n g θ z t l
Phonetic features:
Stop
Nasaludi
V oiced
Labial
Alveolar
Velar
Liquid
fricative
8.Distinguish and transcribe the following sounds in groups.
（1）【p】in pit , tip and spit
（2）【l】in lesson and people
（3）【n】in ten and tenth
（4）【k】in key and scheme
（5）【t】in team and steam
9.Fill in the proper word according to the explanations.
（1）the frequency of vibration in the musical sound of the voice.（）.
（2）a special emphasis on a sound or a sound group.（）.
（3）the length of silence between parts of utterance.（）.
（4）the smallest structured sound unit made up of a rule-governed quence of phonemes.（）. （5）the phonetic process in which two phonemes ,adjacent to each other, become identical.（） .
Morphology
1.What does morphology study? How do we define morphology?
2.Distinguish between phonologically and morphologically conditioned allomorphs, and between
inflectional and derivational affixes, and between free and bound morphemes. Give examples.
3.Disct the following words into morphemes:
Description/ underdevelopment/ photosynthetic /anatomy /radiation/ geography /philharmonic defrosted/ refreshment
/demobilized /conducting/ suppression /circumspect/ dialogue deformed /combination
4.Try to find out the meaning of the following roots in English and give two or three words that contain
each of them:
hydro chron demo dur agr kilo nym ped rupt gress poly syn
5.State the morphological rules that govern the u of the given derivational affixes
Example: --er This suffix is added to a verb to form a noun indicating the agent that carries out the action, e. g. writer---writer --ant --ment --sub --en --en --ee --ful --some --wi --un
6.Explain the formation and meaning of the following compounds:
Example: nightcap------ noun formed by combining two nouns, meaning a drink one takes before going to bed.
cat‘s paw tablecloth green-eyed green born update jet lag bootleg built-in cockpit good-for-nothing
7.Write out the proper word or words according to the explanations:
（1）the smallest meaningful unit which can be ud independently.（）
纸巾英文（2）each of the phonetic forms or variants.（）
（3）the different morphs of one morpheme.（）
（4）the smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning.（）
（5）words who membership can be regularly expanded.（）
（6）all the words of a given language.（）
（7）the way how morphemes are combined to form new words.（）
8.Point out the derivational and inflectional morphemes in the following words and give their meanings:
雾霾天气注意事项teacher shorter breaks books girl‘s careless ufulness irregular Marxist readers wanted loved hous bus studied business
9.divide the following words into parate morphemes by placing a ―+‖ between each two morphemes:
reconstruction sociolinguistics tourists readings morphophonemic predetermination endearment girls independent
