The Interstitial Fluid Drainage system of whole Living Sprague Dawley Rat Brain revealed by MRI
Hongbin Han1,2,*, Kejia Lee3, Fugen Zhou4, Kai Li1,2, Bo Liu4, Kai Zhu1,2, He Chen1,2, Chao Hou1,2, Fanjingwei Xu1,2, Qingyuan He1,2, Yu Fu2,5英语翻译兼职, Junhao Yan6, Haojun Han2
1 Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
2 Beijing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Device and Technique, Beijing 100191, China
3 The Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Bonn 53121, Germany
4 Image Processing Center, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
5 Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
6 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China用户名英文
* Corresponding author: Hongbin Han, interpretationDepartment of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital; Bejing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Device and Technique; Tel: +86-10-82266972; Fax: +86-10-62017700; E-mail address: hanhongbin@bjmu.edu
down to earthThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30972811, 81171080, 81071148) and the Twelfth Five-year Plan for the National Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2012BAI15B009).
Abstract
The knowledge of brain extracellular space (ECS) and interstitial fluid (ISF) is crucial to understand the fundamental mechanisms of neural functions and to validate the various treatments via brain interstitium against central nervous dias. The nature of brain interstitium and ISF has been a subject of controversy for more than 100 years, and existing methods cannot detect the drainage of ISF in the whole living brain. In the prent study, the drainage of ISF was traced and imaged in the rat brain in vivo after Gd-DTPA infusion by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)北京通州中加学校. The local diffusion param
eters of brain ECS who is the cutestand the clearance rate of Gd-DTPA were simultaneously acquired on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Our obrvationluo是什么意思s revealed different ISF drainage patterns according to the maximal distribution area of Gd-DTPA after injected into different brain areas. It is suggested that the rat cerebrum can be divided into 11 subregions bad on local properties of ISF and ECS, which is helpful to give a reference for performing interstitial drug delivery.
Key Words: brain interstitial fluid; extracellular space; magnetic resonance imagingcf是什么; Gd-DTPA
Introduction
The study of brain ECS and ISF is the key to understand the fundamental mechanisms of neural functions. However, the nature of brain ISF has long been a subject of speculation or controversy. Most of the previous methods to study brain ISF were performed in vitro 1, and cannot quantitatively asss the biophysical properties of brain ECS simultaneously. Comparatively, with veral well-developed in vivo methods, there is less
瑞雪兆丰年英语controversy on the biophysical structure of local ECS 2. The results obtained with real-time iontophoresis (RTI) method have formed the basis for our prent understanding of brain ECS 3-5. Nevertheless, RTI was limited to detect charged molecules transported along a short distance in the brain (100-200 μm), and the detection of ISF drainage was not available by using RTI method etc.
Although the structural and physiological properties of brain ECS are still far from clear, scientists could not wait to u this space to administrate CNS drugs to treat brain dias since 1990 6. In 2010, the pha III clinical trial of anti-tumor agents via brain ECS has been approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) of United States 7. Recently, with using brain ECS as drug delivery route, CDPC (cytidine diphosphate choline) was proven to be more efficient in protecting neurons against cerebral ischemic injury than that with routine administration methods 8, 9犀利什么意思.
Local intracranial injection via brain ECS would be more practical and popular, if the distribution and clearance process of brain ISF in the whole living brain could be monitore
d and quantitatively analyzed 10. The inadequate knowledge of brain ISF drainage in living brain has not only limited the development of this drug delivery method via brain interstitial space against CNS dias, but it also led to an incomplete understanding of the nature of brain.
