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stamford四级英语阅读训练原文：
Soon after the United States was founded, Thomas Jefferson, who was President from 1801 to 1809 wrote, "If a nation expects to be ignorant and free in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be. " Jefferson believed that the new republic would be rved best by literate, well-informed citizens and that everyone should have a guarantee of some education with further education for tho who wanted it and were qualified. The American system of public education has been built on this philosophy. Public education in this country is expected to offer equal educational opportunities to everyone enrolled in cular schools, which are publicly controlled and publicly financed, with free tuition, free books, and compulsory attendance.
There is no mention of education in the Constitution, and each state is responsible for its o
仓木麻衣孙燕姿wn educational system. Public schools are financed primarily by local and state taxes, and the amount of money spent on public school students varies from state to state. Alabama, for example, spent an average of $716 for each pupil in 1974, the lowest rate of any state. New York, by contrast, had the highest rate, $ 1809 per pupil. The majority of states spent more than $ 800 per pupil.
There are great differences in expenditures (花费 ) by communities within each state, depending on the amount of local funds available for public education. Often, well-to-do communities spend veral hundred dollars more for each child than poorer towns nearby do. The figures reflect differences in expenditures . for such items as teachers salaries, the purcha of books, and school construction and maintenance.
Despite the differences, there is general uniformity in the organization and curricula of public schools throughout the country. Each state is divided into local school districts. Usually a state department of education ts the general requirements that local communities or school districts must meet. Local school boards, usually elected by memb
ers of their communities, are responsible for the detailed organization and operation of their schools. This-responsibility includes hiring teachers and administration and tting their salaries.
The twelve years of public school education usually begin when a child is six years old. Some school systems are divided into eight years of primary school and four years of condary school. Primary schools are often called elementary schools, and condary schools are called high schools. Many systems combine the last two years of elementary school and the first year of high school in what is known as junior high school. This is followed by three years of nior high school. A large number of school systems also have a kindergarten program that provides one year of preschool training for five-year-old children before they begin the formal school years. The academic year lasts nine months, from September to June, with winter and spring vacations. Class are held five days a week, from Monday through Friday.
Elementary schools are usually organized on a neighbourhood basis. Children living in t
he same area attend a school that is clo to their homes. High schools, on the other hand, rve children from many different elementary schools, and a single high school often has veral thousand students from various parts of the community. Many towns have just one high school. In rural areas one elementary school frequently rves the children from veral communities. When schools are located beyond convenient walking distance, children are transported free of charge in bright yellow school bus. Today more than 40 percent of all American school children are bud to and from school daily.lug
It took many years for Jeffersons dream of education for everyone to approach reality. In 1870 only slightly more than half of all children of school age attended school. It was not until 1918 that every state had a compulsory school-attendance law. Today most states require the attendance of all children between the ages of six and sixteen. Approximately 99 percent of all American children of elementary school age (six through thirteen) and 94 percent of high school age (fourteen through venteen) go to school.
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The quality of education has changed as the record of school attendance. For example,
表达能力差怎么办in a typical mid-nineteenth century elementary school class children sat in one place in one position for hours on end, with periodic arm swinging for exerci and perhaps occasional permission to go to the bathroom. The method of instruction was catechism (questions by the teacher with memorized respons by the students).. . The teacher fed the stuff out one day, and wanted it back the next, in her own words.
Emphasis was on good behavior and learning what were called "the three Rs"—reading, riting and rithmetic. Most of the teachers had no more than elementary school education themlves.
In the modern elementary school, in addition to the study of reading, writing, arithmetic, and language arts (including spelling), children are taught social studies (history, geography, and civics or government) science, art, and music. They are. often also taught cooking and manual skills such as carpentry and wing. Outdoor playgrounds and indoor gymnasiums offer opportunities for lots of physical exerci.头皮屑大块
