Unit 1 Language and Language Learning
1.What are the three views on language?
1) Structural view on language:
The structural view es language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to ntences. Each language has a finite number of such structural items. To learn a language means to learn the structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language. This view on language limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabulary.
2) Functional view on language:
The functional view tzdes language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. Learners learn a language in order to be able to do things with it. To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. This view on language adds the
need to know how to u the rules and vocabulary to do whatever it is one wants to do.
3) Interactional view on language:
The interactional view江苏省二级建造师报名时间 considers language as a communicative tool, who main u is to build up and maintain social relations between people. Therefore, learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language but as importantly they need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts. This view on language says that to know how to do what one wants to do involves also knowing whether it is appropriate to do so, and where, when and how it is appropriate to do it. In order to know this, the learner has to study the patterns and rules of language above the ntence level to learn how language is ud in different speech contexts.
notyet2. What are the views on language learning?
1) Behaviourist theory:
The behaviorist theory of language learning was initiated by behavioral psychologist Ski
nner, who applied Watson and Raynor’s theory of conditioning to the way humans acquire language (Harmer, 1983) The key point of the theory of conditioning is that “you can train an animal to do anything if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, respon, and reinforcement”(Harmer1983: 30) Bad on the theory of conditioning, Skinner suggested language is also a form of behavior. It can be learned the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli. This theory of learning is referred to as behaviorism.
2) Cognitive theory:
The term cognitivism is often ud looly to describe methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat. It ems to be largely the result of Noam Chomsky’s reaction to Skinner’s behaviorist theory, which led to the revival of structural linguistics. According to Chomsky, language is not a form of behaviour, it is an intricate rule-bad system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with knowledge of the
rules an infinite of ntences can be produced. A language learner acquires language competence, which enables him to produce language.
3） Constructivist theory
The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning bad on his/her own experiences and what he or she already knows. It is believed that education is ud to develop the mind, not just to rote recall what is learned. John Dewey(杜威) believed that teaching should be built bad on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities. Teachers need to design environments and interact with learners to foster inventive, creative, critical learners. Therefore, teachers must balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of arousing learners’ interests and curiosity for learning.
4） Socio-constructivist theory
普通人英语
Vygotskytoo small (人认为前苏联心理学家维果茨基 ,1978) emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context bad on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD「可能发展区/最近发展区」 ) and scaffolding「鹰架/支架/脚手架」. That is to say, learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners. With the teacher’s scaffolding through questions and explanations, or with a more capable peers’ support, the learner can move to a higher level of understanding and extend his/her skills and knowledge to the fullest potential.
3. What are the qualities of a good language teacher?
The main elements of a good English teacher are ethic devotion, professional qualities, and personal styles. (Then try to explain the three elements respectively according to your own understanding)
Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Task-bad Language Teachingwannian
contactperson1. What is communicative competence?
Hedge (2000: 46-55) discuss five main components of communicative competence: linguistic competence, pragmatic competence, discour competence, strategic competence, and fluency.
Communicative competence entails knowing not only the language code or the form of language, but also what to say to whom and how to say it appropriately in any given situation. Communicative competence includes knowledge of what to say, when, how, where, and to whom.measure
2. What are the three principles of communicative language teaching?
a) the communicative principle: Activities that involve real communication promote learning.
开氏温标
b) the task principle: Activities in which language is ud for carrying out meaningful tasks promote learning (Johnson 1982).
