Population ageing
enternetPopulation ageing or population aging (e English spelling differences) occurs when the median age of a country or region ris. This happens becau of rising life expectancy or declining birth rates. Excepting 18 countries termed 'demographic outliers' by the UN[1][2] ) this process is taking place in every country and region across the globe. In the entirety of recorded human history, the world has never en as aged a population as currently exists globally.[3] The UN predicts the rate of population aging in the 21st century will exceed that in the 20th.[3] Countries vary significantly in terms of the degree, and the pace, of the changes, and the UN expects populations that began aging later to have less time to adapt to the many implications of the changes.[3]
Overview
Population ageing is a shift in the distribution of a country's population towards older ages. This is usually reflected in an increa in the population's mean and median ages, a decline in the proportion of the population compod of children, and a ri in the proportion of the population that is elderly. Population ageing is widespread across the world. It is most advanced in the most highly developed countries. However the Oxford Institute of Population Ageing [4], one of the top institutions looking at gl
obal population ageing, has concluded that population ageing has slowed considerably in Europe and will have the greatest future impact in Asia, especially as Asia is in stage five of the demographic transition model.
Among the countries currently classified by the United Nations as more developed (with a total population of 1.2 billion in 2005), the overall median age ro from 29.0 in 1950 to 37.3 in 2000, and is forecast to ri to 45.5 by 2050. The corresponding figures for the world as a whole are 23.9 in 1950, 26.8 in 2000, and 37.8 in 2050. In Japan, one of the fastest ageing countries in the world, in 1950 there were 9.3 people under 20 for every person over 65. By 2025 this ratio is forecast to be 0.59 people under 20 for every person older than 65.[5]
Population ageing aris from two (possibly related) demographic effects: increasing longevity and declining fertility. An increa in longevity rais the average age of the population by increasing the numbers of surviving older people. A decline in fertility reduces the number of babies, and as the effect continues, the numbers of younger people in general also reduce. A possible third factor is migration.
Of the two forces, it is declining fertility that is the largest contributor to population ageing in the wo
百度英译汉rld today.[6] More specifically, it is the large decline in the overall fertility rate over the last half century that is primarily responsible for the population ageing in the world’s most developed countries. Becau many developing countries are going through faster fertility transitions, they will experience even faster population ageing than the currently developed countries in the future.
The speed of population ageing is likely to increa over the next 3 decades,[7] yet few countries have the evidence to determine if their growing older populations are living the extra years of life in good or poor health. A "compression of morbidity" would imply reducing reduced disability in old age,[8] whereas an expansion would e an increa in poor health with incread longevity. Another option has been pod for a situation of "dynamic equilibrium" (Manton, 1982) [9]. This is crucial information for governments if the limits of lifespan continue to increa indefinitely, as some rearchers believe it will.[10] . The World Health Organization's suite of houhold health studies is working to provide the needed health and well-being evidence, including, for example the World Health Survey,[11] and the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE)). The surveys cover 308,000 respondents aged 18+ years and 81,000 aged 50+ years from 70 countries.
The Global Ageing Survey, exploring attitudes, expectations and behaviours towards later life and retirement, directed by George Leeson, and covering 44,000 people aged 40–80 in 24 countries fro
m across the globe has revealed that many people are now fully aware of the ageing of the world's population and the implications which this will have for their lives and the lives of their children and grandchildren.
Canada has the highest per capita immigration rate in the world, partly to counter population ageing. The C. D. Howe Institute, a conrvative think tank, has suggested that immigration cannot be ud as a viable mean for countering population ageing.[12] This conclusion is also en in the work of other scholars. Demographers Peter McDonald and Rebecca Kippen comment, "[a]s fertility sinks further below replacement level, increasingly higher levels of annual net migration will be required to maintain a target of even zero population growth."[13]
Ageing around the world
Asia and Europe are the two regions where a significant number of countries face vere population ageing in the near future. In the regions within twenty years many countries will face a situation where the largest population cohort will be tho over 65 and average age will be approaching 50. The Oxford Institute of Ageing [4] is an institution looking at global population ageing. Its rearch reveals that many of the views of global ageing are bad on myths and that there will be considerab
le opportunities for the world as its population matures. The Institute's Director, Professor Sarah Harper [14] highlights in her book Ageing Societies [15] the implications for work, families, health, education and technology of the ageing of the world's population.
Most of the developed world (with the notable exception of the United States) now has sub-replacement fertility levels, and population growth now depends largely on immigration together with population momentum which aris from previous large generations now enjoying longer life expectancy.
Ageing, well-being and social policy
The economic effects of an ageing population are considerable. Older people have higher accumulated savings per head than younger people, but may be spending less on consumer goods. Depending on the age ranges at which the changes occur, an ageing population may thus result in lower interest rates and the economic benefits of lower inflation. Some economists (Japan) e advantages in such changes, notably the opportunity to progress automation and technological development without causing unemployment. They emphasize a shift from GDP to personal well-being.
However population ageing also increas some categories of expenditure, including some met from public finances. The largest area of expenditure in many countries is now health care, who cost is likely to increa dramatically as the population ages. This would prent governments with hard choices between higher taxes, including a possible reweighing of tax from earnings to consumption, and a reduced government role in providing health care.
The cond largest expenditure of most governments is education and the expens will tend to fall with an ageing population, especially as fewer young people would probably continue into tertiary education as they would be in demand as part of the work force.
Social curity systems have also begun to experience problems. Earlier defined benefit pension systems are experiencing sustainability problems due to the incread longevity. The extension of the pension period was not paired with an extension of the active labour period or a ri in pension contributions, resulting in a decline of replacement ratios. In recent years, many countries have adopted policies to strengthen the financial sustainability of pension systems, although the challenges regarding pension adequacy remain.
References
ibc
[1]"UN Human Development Report 2005" (web.archive/web/20080527203423/hdr.undp/en/media/
hdr05_complete.pdf) (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original (hdr.undp/en/media/
HDR05_complete.pdf) on 2008-05-27. . Retrieved 2010-10-07.
[2]United Nations Development Programme (September 2005). Human Development Report 2005: International Cooperation at a
Crossroads-Aid, Trade and Security in an Unequal World (unp.un/details.aspx?entry=E05HDR&title=Human+Development+ Report+2005:+International+Cooperation+at+a+Crossroads+-+Aid,+Trade+and+Security+in+an+Unequal+World). United Nations Development Programme. ISBN 9780195305111. .
[3]World Population Ageing: 1950-2050 (www.un/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/), United Nations
Population Division.
[4]ac.uk
[5]United Nations, 2004
[6]Weil, 1997
[7]Lutz, W.; Sanderson, W.; Scherbov, S. (2008-02-07). "The coming acceleration of global population ageing" (/
nature/journal/v451/n7179/full/nature06516.html). Nature. . Retrieved 8 October 2011. "The median age of the world’s population
increas from 26.6 years in 2000 to 37.3 years in 2050 and then to 45.6 years in 2100, when it is not adjusted for longevity increa."
[8]Fries, J. F. (1980-07-17). "Aging, Natural Death, and the Compression of Morbidity" (jm/doi/full/10.1056/
NEJM198007173030304). The New England Journal of Medicine. . "the average age at first infirmity can be raid, thereby making the morbidity curve more rectangular."
一月英文[bi.v/pubmed/6919770
[10]Oeppen, J.; Vaupel, J. W. (2002-05-10). "Broken Limits to Life Expectancy" (www.sciencemag/content/296/5570/1029.
summary). Science296 (5570). .
[11]"Current Status of the World Health Survey" (www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/en/index.html). who.int. 2011 [last update]. .
Retrieved 8 October 2011.
[12]Yvan Guillemette; William Robson (September 2006). "No Elixir of Youth" (www.cdhowe/pdf/backgrounder_96.pdf) (PDF).
Backgrounder96. . Retrieved 2008-05-03.
[13]Peter McDonald; Rebecca Kippen (2000). "Population Futures for Australia and New Zealand: An Analysis of the Options" (adsri.
anu.edu.au/pubs/Kippen/pop_futures_A&NZ.pdf) (PDF). New Zealand Population Review26 (2). . Retrieved 2008-05-04.
[14]ac.uk/people/sarah-harper
[15]Ageing Societies: Myths, Challenges and Opportunities Hodder 2006
•Gavrilov L.A., Heuveline P. Aging of Population (longevity-science/Population_Aging.htm). In: Paul Demeny and Geoffrey McNicoll (Eds.) The Encyclopedia of population. New York, Macmillan Reference USA, 2003, vol.1, 32-37.
•United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision Population Databa, Population Division, 2004.•Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. Aging Populations: Russia/Eastern Europe. In: P. Uhlenberg (Editor), International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp.113-131.gmo
•Weil, David N., “The Economics of Population Aging” in Mark R. Ronzweig and Oded Stark, eds.,
Handbook of Population and Family Economics, New York: Elvier, 1997, 967-1014.
•Jackson R., Howe N. The Greying of the Great Powers, Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008 Major Findings (www.csis/media/csis/pubs/080630_gai_majorfindings.pdf)
External links
•AARP International: The Journal (www.aarpinternational/journal/) - a quarterly international policy publication on global aging (2010)
•Deloitte study (2007) - Serving the Aging Citizen (/dtt/article/study的第三人称单数
0,1002,cid%3D149921,00.html)
•CoViVE Consortium Population Ageing in Flanders and Europe (vive.be/index.php?pg=15)
•UN Programme on Ageing (www.un/esa/socdev/ageing)
•Human Development Trends 2005 Prentation on UN Human Development Report 2005 (www.national treasure
doolylearninggapminder/downloads/prentations/human-development-trends-2005.html)
•David N. Weil. 2006. Population Aging. PDF (www.brown.edu/Departments/Economics/Papers/2006/ 2006-09_paper.pdf)PDF (59.8 KB)
•Jill Curnow. 2000. Myths and the fear of an ageing population (www.population.au/media/pub/ ageingmyths.pdf)PDF (65.6 KB)
•Judith Healy. 2004. The benefit of an ageing population (www.tai.au/documents/dp_fulltext/DP63.
pdf)PDF (215 KB) (link permission and copyright e discussion page)
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