英语医学论文中的冠词rockandroll
冠词是英语十大词类之一,是不能单独使用的一种虚词,它的数量最少(只有不定冠词a/an和定冠词the两个),但使用率却非常高。汉语中没有相应的词类。在英译汉时,冠词在汉语里不能完全反映出来,例如:The curative rate was 65.3%(治愈率为65.3%)。而在汉译英时我们又必须根据英语的习惯加上必要的冠词,例如: 新术式对防止术后腰痛有积极的作用(The new surgical procedure plays a positive role in the prevention of postoperative back pain)。本文例举英语医学论文中冠词的一些习惯用法,供医学论文译作者参考。
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1 器官、组织和解剖部位名称
器官、组织和解剖部位名称的单数形式前一般要用定冠词: the mall intestine(小肠),the adrenal gland(肾上腺),the internal thoracic artery(胸廓动脉),the dentate line(齿状线),the diaphragmatic surface of the liver(肝膈面),the urinary system(泌尿系统)。这类名称并列出现时,可以只保留第一个而省略其他的定冠词: the heart, (the) lung and (the) kidney。
2 疾病名称
疾病名称前一般不用冠词: biliary fistula(胆瘘),adenoma(腺瘤),groin hernia(腹股沟疝),intestinal obstruction(肠梗阻)。Syndrome一词与专有名词合用时不用冠词: Cushing's syndrome(柯兴氏综合征),与非专有名词合用时习惯上要用定冠词: the adrenal cortical syndrome(肾上腺皮质综合征)。
3 手术名称
手术名称前一般不用冠词: hysterectomy(子宫切除术),laparoscopy(腹腔镜术),liver transplant(肝脏移植),urinary diversion(尿路分流术)。含有approach、technique、method等表示技术方法的单词的词组前习惯上要用冠词the或a/an: (1) the transsphenoidal approach(经蝶手术径路),the immunohistochemical technique(免疫组化技术),the quence-bad-typing method(直接测序法); (2) a modified approach(一种改良径路),a new technique(一种新技术),a relatively simple and convenient method(一种相对简便的方法)。
4 药物名称
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药物名称前不用冠词: gentamicin(庆大霉素),dicynone(止血敏),cephalosporin(先锋霉素),cyclosporin A (环孢素A)。
5 缩略词
缩略词前一般不用冠词: GERD(gastroesophageal reflux dia胃食管返流病),LapUS(laparoscopic ultrosonograph腹腔镜超声技术),CHPS(congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄),FNAB(fine needle aspiration biopsy细针抽吸活检)。廊桥遗梦主题曲
6 序数词和基数词
含序数词的词组前要用定冠词,而名词加基数词的词组前则不用任何冠词:(1)the first group,the first stage,the first step, the first 2 weeks,the first costae;(2) Group 1,Stage 1,Step 1, Table 1,Figure 1。
7 重复出现的名词
研究对象或方法第一次出现在摘要或论文中时,视其单复数形式或是否可数名词等情况采用不定冠词或不用任何冠词,再次或重复出现时要用定冠词修饰: (1) A patient with olfactory groove meningioma received microsurgical treatment. … Follow-up studies showed that the patient recovered well. (2) Nineteen patients underwent modified Madigan prostatectomy. … Of the 19 cas, 17 showed no complications. (3) Microsurgery was performed on 12 patients. … After the operation, improvement was obrved in 10.
8 标题中的研究对象
英文中可数名词泛指一般事物有三种方法: 加定冠词the,加不定冠词a/an或使用复数。以下论文标题中rat既无冠词又无复数s的用法是错误的: Effect of somatostatin on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rat(生长抑素对大鼠部分肝切除后肝再生的影响)。研究对象出现在标题中时,为了达到简洁的目的,最好采用不加冠词的名词复数形式: for cancer patients,in rabbits。
9 论文作者单位
论文作者的单位(科室、院系、附属医院、大专院校、研究机构等)名称前的定冠词可以省略,以求简洁,并且同一期刊应采用统一的用法: (the) Department of General Surgery, (the) Fourth Military Medical University, (the) Institute of Cancer Rearch。
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以专有名词命名的单位名称前不用冠词: Sun Yet-n University of Medical Sciences,Bethune International Peace Hospital,Hunan Children's Hospital。
10 其他
meetwith 以下是英语摘要和论文中经常使用的一些词组的正误用法对照。
ries of studies(误) a ries of studies(正)
all time(误) all the time(正)
most common dia(误) the/a most common dia(正)
better way(误) a better way(正)
北京英语培训学校result(s) of experiment(误) the result(s) of the experiment(正)
increa in(误) an/the increa in(正)
(an) one-year old boy(误) a/the one-year old boy(正)
both mother and baby(误) both the mother and the baby(正)
running runningfollow-up of 6 months(误) a/the follow-up of 6 months(正)
average length of hospitalization(误) the average length of hospitalization(正)
treatment of(误) the treatment of (正)
clo relationship between(误) a/the clo relationship between(正)
family history of(误) a/the family history of(正)
retrospective study of(误) a retrospective study of(正)
control group(误) the control group(正)
the another procedure(误) the other procedure or another procedure (正)
only choice(误) the only choice(正)
on biological basis (误) on a/the biological basis (正)
lack of (误) a/the lack of (正)
(the) similar test (误) a similar test (正)
in the size/height/weight (误) in size/height/weight (正)
pay a great attention to (误) pay great attention to (正)
40 years of the age (误) 40 years of age (正)
over past decade (误) over the past decade (正)
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5-year survival rate (误) a/the 5-year survival rate (正)
of a prime importance (误) of prime importance (正)
due to (the) unknown cau (误) due to an unknown cau (正)
key to success (误) the/a key to success (正) island
important factor (误) an/the important factor (正)
diameter of (误) the diameter of (正)