Argument 部分
一怎么化眼妆.Argument的写作特点
高中英语文章三个重大逻辑错误。
影视动漫学校1. 典型的外推类逻辑错误：过去不能推出现在。
2. 攻击它条件不充分：并不是只由新东方导致了中国留学事业的发展。
3. 错误类比：中国不代表越南。Fal analogy
1.调查类错误。样本选择不随机，不具备代表性，样本数量少。而且在西安市做的，但是要陕西省。由个体推整体。还有本科生、研究生。
2.因果关系错误：不是由于结婚才导致他取得科技进步。时序因果类错误。
3.由个体推整体。
广告练习：喝了哇哈哈，吃饭就是香。 条件不充分
要想皮肤好，早晚用大宝。 条件不充分。
牙好胃口就好：样本小，条件不充分。
二.Argument整体结构
美式音标
第一段： 开头段。主要是归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备发起进攻。
第二段和第三段甚至第四段：分类别去攻击各个逻辑错误。
第五段： 结尾段。作者的结论似乎是合理的，但是通过论证，不是这样的。因此作者在做
出决定之前，应该还要考虑其他情况。
三.如何写开头段？
例.重复结论+扼要重述论据+转折（总论）
In this memo the vice president of Nature's Way CNW), a chain of stores lling health food and health-related products, recommends opening a store in Plamesville. To support this recommendation the vice president cites the following facts about Plainesville: (1) sales of exerci shoes and clothing are at all-time highs; (2) the local health club is more popular than ever; and (3) the city's schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness program. Clo scrutiny of each of the facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation.
四.开头段的写法
Merely bad on unfounded assumption and dubious (suspicious) evidence, the st
atement draws a conclusion that_____. To substantiate (support) the conclusion, the arguer points out evidence that_____. In addition, he indicates that_____. Furthermore, he cites the result of a recent survey in support of this recommendation. At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addresd to substantiate the argument. In my point of view, this argument suffers from N logical flaws.
1. 先在开头段指出原文的conclusion
2. 指出作者引用哪些evidence or assumption
3. 指出存在几个flaw
In this argument, the author concludes that, to support his conclusion, he points out that ____. In addition, he infers that____. Furthermore, the arguer sites as a typical example in support of his recommendation. However, this alone / only this
do not constitute a logical argument in favor of its conclusion, and fails to provide convincing support, making this argument sound and invulnerable.
五.如何写正文段
逻辑错误的攻击顺序
1. bloomfield按照逻辑错误出现的顺序，分段顺序攻击。 store是什么意思（不特别推荐）
2. big cock按照逻辑错误主次进行分段攻击
3. 让步式攻击法（重点）
1）ven years ago 外推类错误
2） since then 时序性因果错误
3） we should adopt our own t of … 错误类比
六.如何写结尾段
1.shoal不要概括作者的某种结论
2. 对于无根据的调查和比较是不能说明任何问题。
七.结尾段的具体写法
To sum up, this arguer fails to substantiate its claim that_____, becau the evidences cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer ma
intains. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to_____. Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that_____. Therefore, if the argument had included the given factors discusd above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.
八.各个逻辑错误的攻击方法和语言 重点。
调查类错误 包含子类多，存在题目量大。所以重要。
标志词：
1.Survey/Study：helpyourlf
核心攻击两大问题： a. 发证机构样本质量 b.样本数量
(1)Procedure
A. Selective sample 选择性、片面性样本（片面的、特定人群的，最后缺得到了普遍性结论。）
Eg. 题库 8
The following appeared in the editorial ction of a corporate newsletter:
“The common notion that workers are generally apathetic about management issues is fal, or at least outdated: a recently published survey indicates that 79 percent of the nearly 1,200 workers who responded to survey questionnaires expresd a high level of interest in the topics of corporate restructuring and redesign of benefits programs.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
无法判断1200人调查能否代表全部工人看法。
题库10
The following appeared in the editorial ction of a local newspaper:
“This past winter, 200 students from Waymarsh State College traveled to the state capitol building to protest against propod cuts in funding for various state college programs. The other 12,000 Waymarsh students evidently weren’t so concerned about their education: they either stayed on campus or left for winter break. Since the group who did not protest is far more numerous, it is more reprentative of the state’s college students than are the protesters.
Therefore the state legislature need not heed the appeals of the protesting students.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
调查类错误攻击思路：反过来攻击。逆向说：样本选择随机是具有代表性的。
B. Quantity of the sample
样本数量少，要受到质疑；数据多也要质疑，比如1万人，看似多，但只占0.1%。
a. 样本数量要大 b. 样本要随机。
题库25题。重点。
The following appeared as part of an article in a magazine on lifestyles:
“Two years ago, City L was listed 14th in an annual survey that ranks cities according to the quality of life that can be enjoyed by tho living in them. This information will enable people who are moving to the state in which City L is located to confidently identify one place, at least, where schools are good, housing is affordable, people are friendly, the environment is safe, and the arts flourish.” Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
作者没有说调查了多少城市，调查的城市越多，论证越有力，反之也成立。
