BeingLogical逻辑思考
midgets先看看Aristotle对于⼈类的定义，"Human are rational animals." 不是intelligent animals，不是emotional animals，真正将我们⼈类与动物区分开的是我们的理智，rationality，the logus.
Human
澳大利亚留学新政策的条件01 What is logic
Then what's rationality? what's logic? Well, many would assume that it's just a way of thinking, unsullied by emotional evils.
But I would say, it's more of an attitude towards life. As the author of Being Logical said, the art of logic "goes to the very
core of what we are".
The art of logic is like no other, for it goes to the verycore of whatwe are.The poet Pindar offersus some;
radicaladvice when he tells us to“become what you are"- -bywhich he means“become human." If“being logical”isnotexactly the sum total of“being human," it is, I like to think,a very important part of it.
02 why
The ultimate purpo of reasoning and logic: to arrive at truth
“真理”这概念似乎听起来很⽞学，似乎是古希腊智者才会追求的东西，但是实际上它与我们⽣活是紧密相关的，举⼏个例⼦：当你和⼀个⼈⾃⼰讨厌的⼈意见不合的时候，你是会calm down and asss who's right，还是squeal your protests even if you are wrong? ；当你作为nior member，知识、能⼒受到junior member质疑的时候，你是squash them into submission 还是 introspect yourlf carefully?
In most cas, it's not that we don't know what's the right thing, it's just that we are accustomed to do the easy thing.
03 Principles
向物理⼀样，逻辑世界也是有基本前提的，这⾥的基本前提的，只不过这时的principle，不单单适⽤于⼀个学科，⽽是适⽤于⼈类⽣活的所有理性世界。
使⽤越⼴泛的原则，往往越为抽象，如果你暂时⽆法理解下⾯的原则，不⽤慌。
N o. 1 TH E PR IN CIPLE OF IDEN TITY
Stated: A thing is what it is
The world is a composition of individuals. It's not a complete homogenous mass. An apple is an apple. It's not an orange, a banana or a pear.
整句翻译
N o. 2 T H E PR IN CIPLE OF TH E EX CLU DED MIDDLE
Stated: Between being and non-being there is no middle state.
cum是啥意思
Something exist or not. Becoming is not a process from non-being to being, but an alternation already in the realm of
什么是国学being/existence.
egg是什么意思想到美剧权⼒的游戏⾥⾯，瑟曦曾经说过⼀句话"when you play games of thrones, you win or you die, there's no middle ground", 在存在与否的命题下，是没有中⽴场的。
N o.3 T H E PR IN CIPLE OF SU FFICIEN T R EASON
Stated: There is a sufficient reason for everything.
Every thing in univer has its reason of existence. Nothing is lf-explanatory or the cau of itlf. What become the cau of another thing?
英文字幕
万物的存在都可以找到它们的理由。这种purpo从⼩处讲，就⽐如是每个问题的存在都有其原因，发掘事物背后的原因是解决问题的第⼀步，即从A → B → C，⼀步步深⼊，找到root cau。但是从⼤处讲，则是有关于⼈的使命, mission. Mary Fisher在号召全美关注艾滋病的演讲中也提到，“but I believe that in all things there is a purpo”，她因为艾滋病倒下，其中的purpo使得她共和党⼤会（Republication National Convention）挺⾝⽽出，为所有艾滋病代⾔。
N o. 4 T H E PR IN CIPLE OF CON TR ADICTION
Stated: It is impossible for something both to be and not be at the same time and in the same respect.
In the same respect refers to "the mode of existence"; that is, something can't be / not be in terms of existence and mode of existence at the same time. Contraditions are the opposite of truth. Reasons of contradtions
这条原则中朴素的哲学观也令⼈深思。There's no absolutely same things. Of cour, there's no same human beings. But the endless competitions and camparisons with our peers stem from the very poisonous conception that children are same, so
the only way to go forward is to push others backwards.
04 How to communicate logically
To become logical, you need to have a perspective shift and start to look at the world through the lens of logic.
Loguscomeintobeing
Now keep that in mind. All the speeches, thoughts, objects can be broken down to the "atoms".现在开始实战。
3）Narrow-Mindednes: Refu other possibilities and hold on to your believes or opinions.
beyond是什么意思
4）Emotion and Argument： The more inten emotion is, the harder to think clearly, judge responsibily
可以归为下⾯两类：
ng struc
N o. 1 The w r o ng str uc ture
1. disprove: The fact that there is no concrete proof against a position does not constitute an argument in favour of the position. I cannot claim to be right simply becau you can't prove me to be wrong.
2. Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc: The temporal precedence of one event over another is not irrelevant in considering whether there might be a causal relationship between the two
3. fal dilemma: Attempt to persuade people there are only two possibilities when the truth is that there are a lot.
4. beg the question: repetition/variation of the conclusion
N o. 2 The w r o ng ba sis
1. Diversionary Tactic: u laughter to dismiss the issue or play on the symphaies of an audience
2. expert: it is argument, not just the word of the experts,which should be carrying the authoritative weight
3. vibe: Divert the audience attention away by attacking the opponents' life instead of rebutting his argument [The Ad-Hominem Fallacy]
4. crowd: the assumption that the mere fact that most people believe proposition X to be true is sufficient evidence to allow us to conclude that proposition X is true
5. tradition: The history of practice should not become simply the excu of using or rejecting it. We should look at its practical value.
6. source: Knowing a source to be generally bad, you assume that everything coming from that source must necessarily be bad.
在上⾯所有的例⼦⾥，可以发现的共性是，我们把判断正误、好坏的依据都建⽴在与论证本⾝⽆关的因素上了，因此如果要真正be logical, rational, 我们要尽量排除⽆关因素的影响，把注意⼒放到 intellectual substance本⾝上来，if you want to prove you are right, demonstrate it.
What should move people in a sound argument is its intellectual substance, the ideas and their
李阳疯狂英语官方网interconnections—and not whatever emotional overtones the argument may carry with it. A conclusion should be accepted not becau we feel good about it but becau we e that it is true and therefore worthy of our acceptance.
Reference: Being Logical: A Guide To Good Thinking
